Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Functional Coatings
Coating materials have gained researchers’ interest, finding applications in different areas such as antimicrobial coatings for biomedical applications, coatings for increasing the shelf-life of commercial products, or coatings for the conservation of cultural heritage artifacts. 
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Pressure Flow Hypothesis
The Pressure Flow Hypothesis, also known as the Mass Flow Hypothesis, is the best-supported theory to explain the movement of sap through the phloem. It was proposed by Ernst Munch, a Germany plant physiologist in 1930. A high concentration of organic substances, particularly sugar, inside cells of the phloem at a source, such as a leaf, creates a diffusion gradient (osmotic gradient) that draws water into the cells from the adjacent xylem. This creates turgor pressure, also known as hydrostatic pressure, in the phloem. Movement of phloem sap occurs by bulk flow (mass flow) from sugar sources to sugar sinks. The movement in phloem is bidirectional, whereas, in xylem cells, it is unidirectional (upward). Because of this multi-directional flow, coupled with the fact that sap cannot move with ease between adjacent sieve-tubes, it is not unusual for sap in adjacent sieve-tubes to be flowing in opposite directions.
  • 2.6K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Analysis Method of Heavy Metals in Organic Fertilizers
Heavy metals in organic fertilizers pose a risk to the agricultural ecosystem. The environmental risk of heavy metals depends not only on the total amount but also on the speciation. Hence, more information on heavy metals speciation in organic fertilizers is needed to avoid adverse effect. The speciation information of heavy metals is usually obtained by the single-extraction method and sequential extraction method. Common heavy metals that have received attention include Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Hg and As. 
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Continuous-Variable Quantum Key Distribution Protocols
Quantum communications, in general, and quantum key distribution (QKD) as one of the internal directions, in particular, are some of the most actively developing areas of quantum technologies. QKD allows one to send a secure key between several legitimate users connected by so-called quantum and classical channels. Theoretically, the security of QKD is based on the principles of quantum mechanics, which guarantees security against any unforeseen technological developments, for example, in the field of quantum computing.
  • 2.6K
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Gridshell Nodes
Gridshells are shells where the structural members form a grid of linear elements rather than a continuous surface. Nodes are essential parts of a gridshell regarding structural performance, assembly and visual appearance. Due to the many decisions to be made when designing gridshells, including global shape, topology, cross-sections, material selection and node designs, detailed structural analysis of gridshell nodes is often left to later stages of the project. Getting feedback on the structural performance of gridshell nodes is inefficient due to software changes and geometry conversion, and it is hard to find tools that support early integration between architectural design and structural design. 
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Antimicrobial Resistance in the Pseudomonas fluorescens Complex
Pseudomonas spp. are ubiquitous microorganisms that exhibit intrinsic and acquired resistance to many antimicrobial agents. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most studied species of this genus due to its clinical importance. In contrast, the Pseudomonas fluorescens complex consists of environmental and, in some cases, pathogenic opportunistic microorganisms. The P. fluorescens complex comprises eight groups occupying various ecological niches, namely P. fluorescens, P. gessardii, P. fragi, P. mandelii, P. koreensis, P. jessenii, P. corrugata, and P. chlororaphis.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Wastewater
Wastewater is any water that has been contaminated by human use. Wastewater is "used water from any combination of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities, surface runoff or stormwater, and any sewer inflow or sewer infiltration". Therefore, wastewater is a byproduct of domestic, industrial, commercial or agricultural activities. The characteristics of wastewater vary depending on the source. Types of wastewater include: domestic wastewater from households, municipal wastewater from communities (also called sewage) and industrial wastewater. Wastewater can contain physical, chemical and biological pollutants. Households may produce wastewater from flush toilets, sinks, dishwashers, washing machines, bath tubs, and showers. Households that use dry toilets produce less wastewater than those that use flush toilets. Wastewater may be conveyed in a sanitary sewer that conveys only sewage. Alternatively, wastewater can be transported in a combined sewer that conveys both stormwater runoff and sewage, and possibly also industrial wastewater. After treatment at a wastewater treatment plant, treated wastewater (also called effluent) is discharged to a receiving water body. The terms "wastewater reuse" and "water reclamation" apply if the treated waste is used for another purpose. Wastewater that is discharged to the environment without suitable treatment can cause water pollution. In developing countries and in rural areas with low population densities, wastewater is often treated by various on-site sanitation systems and not conveyed in sewers. These systems include septic tanks connected to drain fields, on-site sewage systems (OSS), vermifilter systems and many more.
  • 2.6K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Biography
Katherine Freese
Katherine Freese is a theoretical astrophysicist and George Eugene Uhlenbeck Collegiate Professor of Physics at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor. Starting in September 2014, she assumed the position of Director of Nordita, the Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, in Stockholm, and holds a position as Visiting Professor of Physics at Stockholm University. She is known for her work in
  • 2.6K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Intramolecular Cyclization
3,n-fused (n = 4–7) tricyclic indoles are pervasive motifs, embedded in a variety of biologically active molecules and natural products. Thus, numerous catalytic methods have been developed for the synthesis of these skeletons.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Green Solvents
Green extraction techniques are more and more relevant due to major sustainable goals set by the United Nations. Greener extraction processes are being designed through the use of unconventional extraction techniques and green solvents, resulting in less hazardous processes which, consequently, reduces environmental impacts.
  • 2.6K
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Inclusion in Immersion Education: Identifying and Supporting Students with Additional Educational Needs
This entry reviews the research around identifying and supporting students with additional educational needs (AEN) in immersion education. This is important as it is clear from international research that teachers in this form of education experience challenges due to the lack of availability of minority language services, assessments, interventions, and resources. The international research and literature on the positive practices that can be implemented in immersion education to help teachers and schools overcome the challenges they encounter is reviewed. The themes included in this entry are inclusive pedagogies, assessment, literacy, mathematics, and challenging behaviour.
  • 2.6K
  • 08 Oct 2024
Topic Review
Date Palm Fiber Reinforced Composites
The use of natural fibers in cementitious composites continue gaining acceptability and applicability due to the shortcomings and disadvantages of synthetic fiber; this is because natural fibers have advantages of sustainability, eco-friendliness, and economy. Biodegradable natural fibers, being low density and lightweight, with typical values of strength-to-weight ratio, aspect ratio, elastic modulus, and strength, may be competitive for substituting synthetic fibers such as glass and carbon. Indeed, natural fibers are mostly non-irritating for the skin and typically pose no troubles or issues for breathing, which is not the case with many synthetic fibers. Date palm fiber (DPF) is a natural fiber obtained as waste material from a date palm tree. In many countries, with large date production, DPF is easily available as a process by-product, with a low processing cost. Being sustainable and environmentally friendly, DPF is continuously gaining acceptability as fiber material in different composites such as concrete, mortar, gypsum composites, clay composites, and bricks.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Medical Uses of Silver
The medical uses of silver include its use in wound dressings, creams, and as an antibiotic coating on medical devices. Wound dressings containing silver sulfadiazine or silver nanomaterials may be used to treat external infections. The limited evidence available shows that silver coatings on endotracheal breathing tubes may reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia. There is tentative evidence that using silver-alloy indwelling catheters for short-term catheterizing will reduce the risk of catheter-acquired urinary tract infections. Silver generally has low toxicity, and minimal risk is expected when silver is used in approved medical applications. Alternative medicine products such as colloidal silver are not safe or effective.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman
Template:Infobox Law Firm Pillsbury is a full-service law firm with an industry focus on the energy and natural resources, financial services including financial institutions, real estate and construction, technology, and travel and hospitality. Based in the world's major financial, technology and energy centers, Pillsbury counsels clients on global business, regulatory and litigation matters. It has approximately 700 attorneys operating from 20 offices in the U.S., London, Asia, and the Middle East. The firm has connections to the two main political parties in the United States. The law firm's two oldest predecessor firms were founded in New York City in 1868 and in San Francisco in 1874, following the California Gold Rush. The San Francisco firm helped create a number of new West Coast businesses including Chevron and Pacific Bell (now known as AT&T). In the 2000s, Pillsbury has become an advocate of labor outsourcing as a means of firms cutting costs by offering services to both buyers and providers of outsourcing services.
  • 2.6K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Gum Tragacanth
Gum tragacanth (GT) is recently showing great promise as a therapeutic substance in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
  • 2.6K
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Differentiating True and False Cinnamon
Given the intricate compositions of essential oils (EOs), various discrimination approaches were explored to ensure quality, safety, and authenticity, thereby establishing consumer confidence.
  • 2.6K
  • 05 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Silicon Nitride and Hydrogenated Silicon Nitride Thin Films
Silicon nitride (SiNx) and hydrogenated silicon nitride (SiNx:H) thin films enjoy widespread scientific interest across multiple application fields. Exceptional combination of optical, mechanical, and thermal properties allows for their utilization in several industries, from solar and semiconductor to coated glass production. Historically different types of chemical vapour deposition (CVD), such as plasma enhanced (PE-CVD) or hot wire (HW-CVD) are the most common deposition methods, while physical vapour deposition (PVD), primarily sputtering is also widely used. Besides these fabrication methods, atomic layer deposition (ALD) is an emerging technique due to its ability to control the deposition at atomic level and provide extremely thin SiNx layers. Application of these three deposition methods is compared while special attention is paid to the effect of fabrication method on the properties of SiNx thin films, in particular the optical, mechanical, and thermal properties.
  • 2.6K
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Aeroelasticity Methods in Turbomachinery
Aeroelastic phenomena in turbomachinery are one of the most challenging problems to model using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) due to their inherent nonlinear nature, the difficulties in simulating fluid–structure interactions and the considerable computational requirements. Nonetheless, accurate modelling of self-sustained flow-induced vibrations, known as flutter, has proved to be crucial in assessing stability boundaries and extending the operative life of turbomachinery. Flutter avoidance and control is becoming more relevant in compressors and fans due to a well-established trend towards lightweight and thinner designs that enhance aerodynamic efficiency.
  • 2.6K
  • 09 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Biodegradable Waste and Degraded Soil
Soil degradation is the modification of its physical, chemical and biological properties that worsen the biological activity of the environment, with particular emphasis on food production, water quality, ecosystem services, flooding, eutrophication, biodiversity and carbon stock shrinkage. Soil degradation has many forms and genesis: (i) geotechnical soil degradation caused by deformation of the relief resulting from the activities of opencast and underground mining as well as construction (including road, rail and water). This form of soil degradation covers the entire territory, but the greatest damage should be noted in the areas of high concentration of the mining industry and in large urban agglomerations.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Historic Timber Structures with Stainless Steel
The use of stainless steel components, particularly in new constructions, has experienced a huge increase in recent times. Stainless steel is now widely used for both non-structural applications and as ribbed reinforcement bars for concrete, members (beams, columns, ties, etc.) in trusses, bridges and buildings. Similar to structural carbon steel, stainless steel elements can be hot rolled and fabricated or cold rolled formed. 
  • 2.6K
  • 28 Mar 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 2799
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback