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Topic Review
Membrane Fouling
Membrane-based separation has gained increased popularity over the past few decades, particularly reverse osmosis (RO). A major impediment to the improved performance of membrane separation processes, in general, is membrane fouling. Fouling has detrimental effects on the membrane’s performance and integrity, as the deposition and accumulation of foulants on its surface and/or within its pores leads to a decline in the permeate flux, deterioration of selectivity, and permeability, as well as a significantly reduced lifespan. Several factors influence the fouling-propensity of a membrane, such as surface morphology, roughness, hydrophobicity, and material of fabrication. Generally, fouling can be categorized into particulate, organic, inorganic, and biofouling. Efficient prediction techniques and diagnostics are integral for strategizing control, management, and mitigation interventions to minimize the damage of fouling occurrences in the membranes. To improve the antifouling characteristics of RO membranes, surface enhancements by different chemical and physical means have been extensively sought after. Moreover, research efforts have been directed towards synthesizing membranes using novel materials that would improve their antifouling performance. 
  • 2.5K
  • 18 May 2021
Topic Review
Peripheral Neuropathy Related to Connective Tissue Diseases
Although peripheral neuropathy (PN) is a common complication in connective tissue diseases (CTD) and has been well studied, recent research has shown that PN is more diverse and frequent in different subtypes of CTD than was expected. The incidence of PN in Sjögren's syndrome and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) varies according to different disease subtypes, and the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain in different subtypes of eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA) may also differ. Neurogenic inflammation, autoantibody-mediated changes, ischemia of the vascular wall and metabolic mechanisms have been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of PN in CTD. Moreover, allergic inflammation has been recently identified as a possible new mechanism producing peripheral neuropathic pain associated with MPO-ANCA negative EGPA patients. Glucocorticoids are routinely used to relieve pain caused by PN. However, these steroids may cause hyperalgesia, exacerbate neuropathic pain, and activate the early phase of pain induction and produce hyperalgesia. Recently, neuroactive steroids, such as progesterone, tetrahydroprogesterone and testosterone, have been shown to exert protective effects for several PN symptoms, and in particular neuropathic pain. Neuroactive steroids will be an interesting topic for future research into PN in CTD.
  • 2.5K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Spicules-Based Topical Delivery Systems
Sponge spicules have recently been utilized as scattered microneedles to disrupt the skin barrier and enhance the skin penetration of a series of therapeutics and even nanoparticles. Spicules can physically disrupt skin in a dose-dependent manner and be retained within the skin over a long time, which provides a convenient, safe, and effective skin delivery strategy.
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Inappropriate Patient Sexual Behavior in Physiotherapy
A behavior which is increasing in prevalence is sexual harassment initiated by a client and displayed towards the healthcare professionals and students of these healthcare-related professions. This is termed inappropriate patient sexual behaviour (IPSB). The consequences of IPSB can be significant, including decreased academic and work performance, decreased attention/concentration, reductions in work satisfaction, and a loss of confidence.
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Smart Healthcare Using ML and Cognitive Radio Technologies
The rapid technological advancements in the modern world bring the attention of researchers to fast and real-time healthcare and monitoring systems. Smart healthcare is one of the best choices for this purpose, in which different on-body and off-body sensors and devices monitor and share patient data with healthcare personnel and hospitals for quick and real-time decisions about patients’ health. Cognitive radio (CR) can be very useful for effective and smart healthcare systems to send and receive patient’s health data by exploiting the primary user’s (PU) spectrum.
  • 2.5K
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Three-Component Ring Transformation
The ring transformation is a synthetic method for cyclic products including transfer of the partial structure of a cyclic substrate to a reagent, constructing a new ring system. When one substrate and two reagents are used to form a cyclic structure, it is called three-component ring transformation.
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Remediation of Textile-Dye-Containing Wastewater
Water makes up most of the Earth, although just 0.3% is usable for people and animals. The huge oceans, icecaps, and other non-potable water resources make up the remaining 99.7%. Water quality has declined due to pollution from population growth, industry, unplanned urbanization, and poor water management. The textile industry has significant global importance, although it also stands as a major contributor to wastewater generation, leading to water depletion and ecotoxicity. This issue arises from the extensive utilization of harmful chemicals, notably dyes.
  • 2.5K
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Meta-Wearable Antennas
Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) has attracted more and more attention in many sectors of society. As a critical component in these systems, wearable antennas suffer from several serious challenges, e.g., electromagnetic coupling between the human body and the antennas, different physical deformations, and widely varying operating environments, and thus, advanced design methods and techniques are urgently needed to alleviate these limitations. Recent developments have focused on the application of metamaterials in wearable antennas, which is a prospective area and has unique advantages.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Suicidal Ideation Mechanism
Suicidal ideation mechanism is the psychological process of how thoughts of killing oneself emerge and persist in the mind. From the mindsponge-based suicidal ideation mechanism perspective, there are two conditions for suicidal ideation to happen: (1) the existence of accessible suicide-related information in the environment, and (2) the subjective perception that suicide being a beneficial option. Psychosocial factors (e.g. social connectedness or burdensomeness) can affect these two conditions and, in turn, influence the probability of suicidal ideation.
  • 2.5K
  • 04 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Developments in the Diagnosis of Postoperative Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic progressive inflammatory bowel disease leading to bowel damage and disability. The diagnosing recurrence in postoperative Crohn's disease is discussed. 
  • 2.5K
  • 06 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Enterococcus
Enterococci derived from an ancestor that was a commensal of aquatic life forms, when animals first became terrestrial. To cope with the stresses of the new terrestrial habitat, enterococci evolved to be tough bugs, resistant to a wide range of environmental and host factors. That made them extremely successful not only in adapting to the new way of life of their hosts, but also in colonizing other non-animal, and even inanimate, environments - such as feeds and foods. The plasticity of the enterococcal genome, together with their notable ability to trade virulence and antibiotic resistance, have enabled them to also become notable opportunistic, multi-resistant pathogens and act as reservoirs of pathogenicity and resistance determinants.
  • 2.5K
  • 31 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Kettle Holes
Kettle holes are small water bodies of glacial origin which mostly occur in agricultural landscapes. While they supply numerous ecosystem services (ES), this supply may be negatively affected by agricultural management on surrounding fields.
  • 2.5K
  • 18 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Inverse Design for Silicon Photonics
Silicon photonics enables massive fabrication of integrated photonic devices at low cost, due to its compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) process. It has emerged as one of the most important technologies for data communication and computations, as integrated electronic circuits are reaching their limits as well as incurring high energy costs. Recently, it has also shown the potential for other applications such as sensing and light detection and ranging (LiDAR). For miscellaneous silicon photonic devices, their versatile functions mainly come from design of device geometry. Intuitively, the design of single component with specific function is fulfilled by physics-based methods like analytical models, prior practical experiences and scientific intuitions. However, the physics-based methods are laborious and have high requirements on designers’ experience. Furthermore, the performance evaluation of light-material interaction with complicated geometries has to rely on numerical electromagnetic (EM) simulations, as the computation for irregular geometry is often non-intuitive. To make the design process more efficient, inverse design approaches have been introduced, which are assisted by various iterative optimization methods and deep neural networks (DNNs).
  • 2.5K
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Artemisia Genus as Biopesticides
The Artemisia L. genus includes over 500 species with worldwide distribution and diverse chemical composition. Many secondary metabolites of this genus are known for their antimicrobial, insecticidal, parasiticidal, and phytotoxic properties, which recommend them as possible biological control agents against plant pests. Given the negative impact of synthetic pesticides on human health and on the environment, Artemisia‐derived biopesticides and their nanoformulations emerge as promising ecofriendly alternatives to pest management.
  • 2.5K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Coverage Path Planning Methods Focusing on Energy Efficient
The coverage path planning (CPP) algorithms aim to cover the total area of interest with minimum overlapping. The goal of the CPP algorithms is to minimize the total covering path and execution time. Significant research has been done in robotics, particularly for multi-unmanned unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) cooperation and energy efficiency in CPP problems.
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Functional Attitude Theory
Functional attitude theory (FAT) suggests that beliefs and attitudes are influential to various psychological functions. Attitudes can be influential on many processes such as being utilitarian (useful), social, relating to values, or a reduction of cognitive dissonance. They can be beneficial and help people interact with the world. In the late 1950s when psychoanalysis and behaviorism reigned supreme as the foci of psychological studies, Smith, Bruner, and White (1956) and Katz (1960) separately and independently developed typologies of human attitudes in relation to the functions to which they believed the attitudes served. This theory proposes that attitudes are held by individuals because they are important and integral to psychological functioning. The function of an attitude is more important than whether the attitude is accurate or correct.
  • 2.5K
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Optical Properties of Carbon Quantum Dots
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), also known as carbon dots (CDs), are novel zero-dimensional fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials. CQDs have attracted enormous attention around the world because of their excellent optical properties as well as water solubility, biocompatibility, low toxicity, eco-friendliness, and simple synthesis routes. CQDs have numerous applications in bioimaging, biosensing, chemical sensing, nanomedicine, solar cells, drug delivery, and light-emitting diodes.
  • 2.5K
  • 09 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Electricity Demand Forecasting
With the globally increasing electricity demand, its related uncertainties are on the rise as well. Therefore, a deeper insight into load forecasting techniques for projecting future electricity demands becomes imperative for business entities and policymakers. The electricity demand is governed by a set of different variables or “electricity demand determinants”. These demand determinants depend on forecasting horizons (long term, medium term, and short term), the load aggregation level, climate, and socio-economic activities. In this paper, a review of different electricity demand forecasting methodologies is provided in the context of a group of low and middle-income countries. The article presents a comprehensive literature review by tabulating the di fferent demand determinants used in di fferent countries and forecasting the trends and techniques used in these countries. A comparative review of these forecasting methodologies over di fferent time horizons reveal that the time series modeling approach has been extensively used while forecasting for long and medium terms. For short term forecasts, artificial intelligence-based techniques remain prevalent in the literature. Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the demand determinants in these countries indicates frequent use of determinants like the population, GDP, weather, and load data over di fferent time horizons.
  • 2.5K
  • 05 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Single Vision Spectacles in Myopia
Myopia is caused by excessive eye growth. Single vision lenses can fully correct the myopic refractive error. Moreover, single vision lenses were investigated as myopia control method and control effects were compared between full-, over-, under- and un-correction. Study results are controversial, however, no beneficial effect of over-, under- and un-correction of myopia were found. Considering ethical reasons in children as well, current clinical advice is directed towards full-correction of myopia if single vision lenses are the correction method of choice.
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Environmental Scenario Analysis
Scenario analysis is a useful tool to facilitate discussions about the main trends of future change and to promote the understanding of global environmental changes implications on relevant aspects of sustainability.
  • 2.5K
  • 16 Sep 2020
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