Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Impact of Glioblastomas-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Macrophage Function
Glioblastomas (GBM) are a devastating disease with extremely poor clinical outcomes. Resident (microglia) and infiltrating macrophages are a substantial component of the tumor environment. In GBM and other cancers, tumor-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) suppress macrophage inflammatory responses, impairing their ability to identify and phagocytose cancerous tissues. Furthermore, these macrophages then begin to produce EVs that support tumor growth and migration. This cross-talk between macrophages/microglia and gliomas is a significant contributor to GBM pathophysiology.
  • 444
  • 02 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Dental and Periodontal Tissues
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells located in different areas of the human body. The oral cavity is considered a potential source of MSCs because they have been identified in several dental tissues (D-MSCs). Clinical trials in which cells from these sources were used have shown that they are effective and safe as treatments for tissue regeneration. Importantly, immunoregulatory capacity has been observed in all of these populations. Since this property is of clinical interest for cell therapy protocols, it is relevant to analyze the differences in immunoregulatory capacity, as well as the mechanisms used by each type of MSC. Interestingly, D-MSCs are the most suitable source for regenerating mineralized tissues in the oral region. Furthermore, the clinical potential of D-MSCs is supported due to their adequate capacity for proliferation, migration, and differentiation. There is also evidence for their potential application in protocols against autoimmune diseases and other inflammatory conditions due to their immunosuppressive capacity.
  • 444
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Emerging Therapies and Therapeutics for Atopic Dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin condition that frequently develops before the onset of allergic rhinitis or asthma. More than 10% of children are affected by this serious skin condition, which is painful for the sufferers. Recent research has connected the environment, genetics, the skin barrier, drugs, psychological factors, and the immune system to the onset and severity of AD. The causes and consequences of AD and its cellular and molecular origins are reviewed in this paper. The exploration of interleukins and their influence on the immunological pathway in AD has been facilitated by using relevant biomarkers in clinical trials.
  • 441
  • 02 Apr 2024
Topic Review
The Link between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Renal Cancer
Cancer has been described as a risk factor for greater susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19, mainly for patients with metastatic disease. Conversely, to that reported for most solid and hematological malignancies, the few available clinical studies reported that the infection did not increase the risk of death in renal cancer patients. The expression on proximal tubular renal cells of the key players in cellular viral uptake, ACE2, TMPRSS2, and NRP1, seems to be the mechanism for the direct kidney injury seen in patients with COVID-19. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and experimental analyses on various renal cancer cell lines demonstrated that the above-reported receptors/cofactors are maintained by renal cancer cells. However, whether SARS-CoV-2 infection directly kills renal cancer cells or generates enhanced immunogenicity is a question worth investigating.
  • 436
  • 08 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Targeted Cytokines as Cancer Therapeutics in Glioblastoma
Cytokines are secreted proteins that engage the extracellular domains of cell surface receptors and regulate immune response and homeostasis. Cytokines can be classified based on their roles as pro- or anti-inflammatory cytokines or on cellular origin.
  • 435
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Breg-Mediated Immunoregulation in the Skin
Wound healing is a complex process involving a coordinated series of events aimed at restoring tissue integrity and function. Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are a subset of B lymphocytes that play an essential role in fine-tuning immune responses and maintaining immune homeostasis. Studies have suggested that Bregs are important players in cutaneous immunity. 
  • 432
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Dendritic Cells Function in Antitumor Responses
High-grade gliomas are malignant brain tumors, and patient outcomes remain dismal despite the emergence of immunotherapies aimed at promoting tumor elimination by the immune system. A robust antitumor immune response requires the presentation of tumor antigens by dendritic cells (DC) to prime cytolytic T cells. 
  • 424
  • 15 Aug 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Ears, Nose, and Throat in Leukemias and Lymphomas
Leukemias and lymphomas, encompassing a spectrum of hematologic malignancies, often exhibit manifestations in various tissues and organs, including the ears, nose, and throat (ENT) region, extending beyond the typical sites of bone marrow and lymph nodes. This entry explores these interactions, considering disease-related symptoms and treatment effects. ENT symptoms, such as otalgia, hearing loss, and nasal obstruction, may arise from direct infiltration or treatment complications, with chemotherapy-induced ototoxicity being particularly characteristic. Furthermore, immunotherapy complications, including cytokine release syndrome and mucosal irritation, can also contribute to ENT symptoms. Additionally, targeted therapy and radiotherapy can lead to mucosal dryness, dysphonia, and radiation-induced otitis media. Patients with hematologic malignancies are especially vulnerable to various ENT infections, including bacterial, viral, and fungal infections, due to compromised immunity resulting from both the disease and its treatments. Conditions such as rhinosinusitis, otitis media, and pharyngitis pose significant management challenges. Moreover, patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) face unique ENT considerations, including mucositis, opportunistic infections, and graft-versus-host disease in cases of allogeneic HSCT. These patients require specialized pre-transplant evaluations, meticulous post-transplant surveillance, and tailored assistance to mitigate complications. This entry underscores the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that integrates diagnostics, pharmacological interventions, and supportive care to address both disease-related and treatment-induced ENT manifestations. Further research is needed to refine management strategies and improve outcomes in this complex clinical population.
  • 424
  • 19 Dec 2024
Topic Review
Combination Immunotherapiess for Renal cell carcinoma
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) constitutes a considerable burden on public health, with an estimated 81,800 new diagnoses and 14,890 mortality cases predicted for 2023 in the United States alone. Over the recent years, the incidence of RCC has exhibited a consistent upward trend. Among the various subtypes, clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) predominates, accounting for approximately 70–80% of RCC cases, with the majority originating from the proximal convoluted tubule. Conversely, the non-clear cell renal cell carcinomas (nccRCCs), encompassing entities such as papillary, chromophobe, translocation, and medullary RCC, as well as collecting duct carcinoma, comprise 20–30% of RCC and harbor distinct histopathological and molecular characteristics.
  • 408
  • 03 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoints in Solid Organ Transplantation
The immune system spontaneously recognizes and destroys foreign cells and organs when grafted into a genetically different individual. Organ transplantation is only successful because of the use of life-long immunosuppressive medications, which comes at the cost of severe toxicities. Thus, a major breakthrough in transplantation would be to be able to educate the immune system to accept grafted organs in the long term. A possible way to do that would be to exploit a physiological retro-control of the immune cells, which is based on the timely and coordinated expression of cell-surface receptors with inhibitory activities. In cancer, blocking these receptors (or Immune Checkpoints) boosts the anti-tumor functions of certain immune cells (the T-lymphocytes), with highly significant clinical benefits. Thus, it is likely that opposite actions, such as increasing the expression or the function of these receptors, would result in the dampening of the immune response against foreign organs.
  • 401
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Varied Microbiome Profiles in Neonates
The field of human microbiome and gut microbial diversity research has witnessed a profound transformation, driven by advances in omics technologies. These advancements have unveiled essential connections between microbiome alterations and severe conditions, prompting the development of new frameworks through epidemiological studies. Traditionally, it was believed that each individual harbored unique microbial communities acquired early in life, evolving over the course of their lifetime, with little acknowledgment of any prenatal microbial development, but research challenges this belief. The neonatal microbiome’s onset, influenced by factors like delivery mode and maternal health, remains a subject of intense debate, hinting at potential intrauterine microbial processes. 
  • 382
  • 05 Jan 2024
Topic Review
The Host Response to Coccidioidomycosis
Coccidioidomycosis is an important fungal disease that is found in many desert regions of the western hemisphere.
  • 372
  • 07 Mar 2024
Topic Review
sST2 in Child with Kawasaki Disease
sST2 belongs to the interleukin-1 receptor family, it is believed that sST2 is a myocardial protein produced by myocardial cells under the action of biomechanical forces. After comparison, we noticed that in the acute stage of Kawasaki disease (KD) in children, the increase of ST2 was significantly associated with IVIG-R KD and multi-organ damage, and had more predictive value than PRO-NT BNP. The higher the ST2 is, the more severe the patient is.
  • 160
  • 20 May 2025
  • Page
  • of
  • 39
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback