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Topic Review
Hydrogen Storage for Large-Scale, Long-Term Energy Storage
In the process of building a new power system with new energy sources as the mainstay, wind power and photovoltaic energy enter the multiplication stage with randomness and uncertainty, and the foundation and support role of large-scale long-time energy storage is highlighted. Considering the advantages of hydrogen energy storage in large-scale, cross-seasonal and cross-regional aspects, the necessity, feasibility and economy of hydrogen energy participation in long-time energy storage under the new power system are discussed.
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Electricity Usage Settlement System Based on Cryptocurrency Instrument
The development of digital techniques, including blockchain-based mechanisms, has meant that an increased interest in blockchain-based solutions is to be expected. Blockchain and similar approaches are characterised by decentralisation, so they are concurrent with the trends of the transforming power sector. Decentralised energy generation based on a high proportion of prosumer installations requires the implementation of a new settlement system for grid activities related to electricity use. The first projects of such systems based on a dedicated cryptocurrency have emerged. Based on these, the general concept of such a system with its own cryptocurrency called CCE is presented, including variants implementing net-metering and net-billing.
  • 1.0K
  • 09 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Spiking Neural P Systems
Spiking neural P system (SNPS) is a popular parallel distributed computing model. It is inspired by the structure and functioning of spiking neurons. It belongs to the category of neural-like P systems and is well-known as a branch of the third generation neural networks. SNPS and its variants can perform the task of fault diagnosis in power systems efficiently.
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy System for Fast Charging Stations
The transportation sector is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions. Electric vehicles (EVs) have gained popularity as a solution to reduce emissions, but the high load of charging stations poses a challenge to the power grid. Nuclear-Renewable Hybrid Energy Systems (N-RHES) present a promising alternative to support fast charging stations, reduce grid dependency, and decrease emissions. However, the intermittent problem of renewable energy sources (RESs) limits their application, and the synergies among different technologies have not been fully exploited. The researchers propose a predictive and adaptive control strategy to optimize the energy management of N-RHES for fast charging stations, considering the integration of nuclear, photovoltaics, and wind turbine energy with a hydrogen storage fuel cell system. The proposed dynamic model of a fast-charging station predicts electricity consumption behavior during charging processes, generating probabilistic forecasting of electricity consumption time-series profiling. Key performance indicators and sensitivity analyses illustrate the practicability of the suggested system, which offers a comprehensive solution to provide reliable, sustainable, and low-emission energy to fast-charging stations while reducing emissions and dependency on the power grid.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Implementation of Optimization Algorithms in Microgrids
When solving optimization problems in microgrids (optimal power flow, scheduling, and planning) various metaheuristic methods are applied. Their application yields good results when solving multi-criteria problems peculiar to microgrids with a predominance of intermittent renewable electricity generation as well as variable and uncertain electricity consumption. To evaluate microgrid performance, one should use economic criteria and apply methods based on artificial intelligence. In the absence of convergence, it proves efficient to use combinations of two or more algorithms that form a hybrid optimization algorithm.
  • 1.0K
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Security Issues of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles
Connected and Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) combine technologies of autonomous vehicles (AVs) and connected vehicles (CVs) to develop quicker, more reliable, and safer traffic. Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based CAV solutions play significant roles in sustainable cities. The convergence imposes stringent security requirements for CAV safety and reliability. In practice, vehicles are developed with increased automation and connectivity. Increased automation increases the reliance on the sensor-based technologies and decreases the reliance on the driver; increased connectivity increases the exposures of vehicles’ vulnerability and increases the risk for an adversary to implement a cyber-attack. Much work has been dedicated to identifying the security vulnerabilities and recommending mitigation techniques associated with different sensors, controllers, and connection mechanisms, respectively. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Li-Ion Batteries and Sodium-Ion Batteries
Batteries are the backbones of the sustainable energy transition for stationary off-grid, portable electronic devices, and plug-in electric vehicle applications. Both lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium-ion batteries (NIBs), most commonly rely on carbon-based anode materials and are usually derived from non-renewable sources such as fossil deposits.
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
CPTED in the Cyberspace Domain
The visual fidelity of a virtual environment lacks the exceedingly complex layers from the physical world, but the continuous improvements of image rendering technology and computation powers have led to greater demands for virtual simulations. Our study employs Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) as a risk control measure and utilizes two principles: Access Control and Natural Surveillance. We conducted an experiment with (n-sample: 100) graduate students. For the experiment, we utilized the Factor Analysis of Information Risk (FAIR) to quantitatively analyze the risk. Furthermore, we adopted the lme4 package for R to estimate the mixed effect of the 6,242,880 observations retrieved from Kaggle. Based on the two experiments, we were able to critically evaluate the contributions of CPTED through a multi-component analysis. Our study investigates how spatial syntax and territorial demarcation may translate in the cyberspace realm. We found that the corollaries of the mophology in the virtual environment effects the distribution of crime. The results of our study discusses how to determine the criminogenic designs and capacity in the cyberspace realm.
  • 999
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Smart Grid Control Systems
The development of control techniques in smart grids has its origins mainly in the need to mitigate network failures and changes in power quality. The foregoing is due to economic concerns and the environmental impacts of energy issues in terms of sustainable development. Smart Grids have also contributed to the development and integration of renewable energies into the distributed system since this type of generation source presents intermittent output. These intermittency characteristics of renewable sources and the stochastic behavior of demand make these networks complex systems with types of non-linear control that must be robustly modeled, analyzed, tested, and implemented when considering their operation, safety, reliability, and maintenance.
  • 999
  • 09 May 2023
Topic Review
The Isolated Micro-Grid Composition
The isolated micro-grid system can be composed of a variety of energy sources such as the Photovoltaic generator, the wind system, a methanation system, possibly even a hydraulic generator in such farm places. All these energy sources must be connected to serve the load part and when there is excessive production of electrical energy, an electrical storage system must appear.
  • 994
  • 21 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Silicon and Silicon Carbide Recrystallization by Laser Annealing
Modifying material properties within a specific spatial region is a pivotal stage in the fabrication of microelectronic devices. Laser annealing emerges as a compelling technology, offering precise control over the crystalline structure of semiconductor materials and facilitating the activation of doping ions in localized regions. This obviates the necessity for annealing the entire wafer or device. 
  • 994
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Conservation Voltage Reduction in Modern Power Systems
Conservation voltage reduction (CVR) is a potentially effective and efficient technique for inertia synthesis and frequency support in modern grids comprising power electronics (PE)-based components, aiming to improve dynamic stability. In conventional power systems with synchronous generators, CVR utilization strategies aiming to conserve energy are split into two broad categories namely, open-loop and closed-loop techniques. Electromechanical voltage regulating devices, such as on-load tap changers (OLTCs), line drop compensators, and capacitor banks, are used to utilize CVR through open-loop procedures without measuring the voltage as a feedback signal. 
  • 992
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Life Cycle Cost Analysis of Pumping System
The pumping system is a critical component in various industries and consumes 20% of the world’s energy demand, with 25–50% of that energy used in industrial operations. The primary goal for users of pumping systems is to minimise maintenance costs and energy consumption. Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is a valuable tool for achieving this goal while improving energy efficiency and minimising waste.
  • 992
  • 13 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Attribute-Based Access Control in Smart Home IoT Environments
Technological advancements have allowed for the integration of the internet of things (IoT) with home and residential buildings, presenting an advanced method of increasing the usability, security, and quality of life of the user. This is called a smart home network, which is a home equipped with various devices, such as lighting, heating, and monitoring systems that smartphones or computers on the network can control.
  • 987
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Metal–Oxide Nanowire Molecular Sensors
During the past two decades, one–dimensional (1D) metal–oxide nanowire (NW)-based molecular sensors have been witnessed as promising candidates to electrically detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their high surface to volume ratio, single crystallinity, and well-defined crystal orientations. Furthermore, these unique physical/chemical features allow the integrated sensor electronics to work with a long-term stability, ultra-low power consumption, and miniature device size, which promote the fast development of “trillion sensor electronics” for Internet of things (IoT) applications.
  • 985
  • 18 Mar 2021
Topic Review
CuInSe2-Based Near-Infrared Photodetector
Near-infrared (NIR) photodetectors have interesting roles in optical fiber communications and biomedical applications. Conventional NIR photodetectors have been realized using InGaAs and Ge, of which the cut-off wavelengths exceed 1500 nm. Si-based photodetectors exhibit limited external quantum efficiency at wavelengths longer than 1000 nm.
  • 983
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Electric Vehicle in Energy-V2G, V2H, V2V
Electric vehicles (EVs) are inducing revolutionary developments to the transportation and power sectors. Their innumerable benefits are forcing nations to adopt this sustainable mode of transport. Governments are framing and implementing various green energy policies. Nonetheless, there exist several critical challenges and concerns to be resolved in order to reap the complete benefits of E-mobility. The impacts of unplanned EV charging are a major concern. Accurate EV load forecasting followed by an efficient charge scheduling system could, to a large extent, solve this problem. This entry focuses on short-term EV demand forecasting using three learning frameworks, which were applied to real-time adaptive charging network (ACN) data, and performance was analyzed. Auto-regressive (AR) forecasting, support vector regression (SVR), and long short-term memory (LSTM) frameworks demonstrated good performance in EV charging demand forecasting. Among these, LSTM showed the best performance with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 4 kW and a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 5.9 kW.
  • 982
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
EV-Connected DC Microgrid
EV-Connected DC Microgrids (DCMGs) have been preferred due to their lack of frequency stability issues, current harmonics, phase imbalances, and reactive power. In addition, since the process of integrating DG sources into a DCMG system is more straightforward in comparison to ACMGs, DCMGs are constructed more effectively. As a result, recent research interest in MGs has been primarily focused on the DCMG system.
  • 981
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Deep-Learning-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
With the rapid development in wireless communication and 5G networks, the rapid growth in mobile users has been accompanied by an increasing demand for the electromagnetic spectrum. The birth of cognitive radio and its spectrum-sensing technology provides hope for solving the problem of low utilization of the wireless spectrum.
  • 979
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Development of Control Techniques for AC Microgrids
In distribution networks, the inclusion of multiple distributed generators (DGs) requires the development of control strategies to manage power flows within the microgrids (MG) or between the MG and the traditional grid. The hierarchical approach with three levels (primary, secondary, tertiary) and different control strategies (decentralized, centralized, distributed) has proven to be very efficient in achieving the set objectives. The primary control ensures reliable and safe operation while maintaining voltage and frequency stability. This control is mostly decentralized, functional only in islanded mode, and implemented using droop control. The secondary control is applied to optimize the quality of MG energy while minimizing voltage and frequency deviations. It is used in centralized and distributed approaches, with applications in autonomous mode, although voltage regulation is a task that responds to a local phenomenon, and it could also be a function to be performed in grid-connected mode. The tertiary control is used to achieve economic optimization based on energy costs and the electricity market. By using information, it can be used with centralized or distributed strategies. This control is the only one that performs tasks in both modes of MG operation.w
  • 979
  • 29 Dec 2023
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