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Topic Review
Prevention of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) has for many years been defined as glucose intolerance with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy. Such a definition has serious limitations due to many cases of GDM representing preexisting hyperglycemia. As such, the latest definition of GDM excludes women found to have diabetes by diagnostic criteria applied outside of pregnancy. GDM is one of the most common obstetric complications, with the prevalence varying from 7.5% to 27.0% among different areas, principally depending on different races and diagnostic criteria. 
  • 659
  • 17 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Risk of Arsenic in Portuguese Rice
Arsenic is a metalloid with natural and anthropogenic sources and its inorganic form is toxic to humans. Rice is highly consumed worldwide and is prone to arsenic contamination.
  • 651
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Security Threats for Medical Wearables
In the past few years, “smart” objects and products have given rise to significant progress in industry production and its security. Advances in digitization that have occurred in the industry, combined with internet technologies and future-oriented technologies in the field of so-called “smart” objects (machines and products), have led to a new and fundamental paradigm shift in industrial production and in their security.
  • 650
  • 14 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Primary Amenorrhea in Adolescents
Primary amenorrhea (PA) describes the complete absence of menses by the age of 15 years. It is a devastating diagnosis that can affect the adolescent’s view of her femininity, sexuality, fertility and self-image. A normal menstrual cycle can occur only in the presence of: a properly functioning hypothalamus–pituitary axis, well-developed and active ovaries, outflow tract without abnormalities. Any dysfunction in any of these players can result in amenorrhea.
  • 649
  • 05 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sex Differences in Substance Use, Prevalence, Pharmacological Therapy
Sex differences are poorly studied within the field of mental health, even though there is evidence of disparities (with respect to brain anatomy, activation patterns, and neurochemistry, etc.) that can significantly influence the etiology and course of mental disorders. Girls with ADHD are more at risk of substance use than boys, although there was no consensus on the prevalence of dual disorders. Girls are less frequently treated because of underdiagnosis and because they are more often inattentive and thereby show less disruptive behavior. Together with increased impairment in cognitive and executive functioning in girls, the aforementioned could be related to greater substance use and poorer functioning, especially in terms of more self-injurious behavior; and early diagnosis and treatment of ADHD, especially in adolescent girls, is essential to prevent early substance use, the development of SUD, and suicidal behavior.
  • 649
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Hypoxia in Cardiovascular Diseases
Heart valve diseases are a major contributor to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. They affect more than 13% of the population aged over 75 years old and occur when any type of the four heart valves (tricuspid, pulmonic, mitral, and aortic valves) is damaged. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is defined as a slowly progressing condition that ranges from mild valve aortic sclerosis to severe calcifying aortic valve stenosis. This progression manifests in approximately 2% of individuals over 65 years old annually.
  • 648
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Healthcare Workers’ Moral Distress during the COVID-19 Pandemic
During the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers (HCWs) did not have the opportunity to provide high-quality and standard healthcare services. Research conducted during the pandemic has revealed widespread mental health problems among HCWs. Moral distress was noted as one of the critical issues that limited the performance of HCWs in providing quality care.
  • 647
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Innovative Therapies Targeting Drug Resistant in ccRCC
A thorough study of Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC) shows that com- bining tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) shows promising results in addressing the tumor-promoting influences of abnormal immunologi- cal and molecular biomarkers in metastatic Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). These abnormal biomarkers enhance drug resistance, support tumor growth, and trigger cancer- related genes. Ongoing clinical trials are testing new treatment options that appear more effective than earlier ones. However, more research is needed to confirm their long-term safety use and potential side effects. This study highlights vital molecular and immunologi- cal biomarkers associated with drug resistance in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma (ccRCC). Furthermore, this study identifies a number of promising drug candidates and biomarkers that serve as significant contributors to the enhancement of the overall survival of ccRCC patients. Consequently, this article offers pertinent insights on both recently completed and ongoing clinical trials, recommending further toxicity study for the prolonged use of this treatment strategy for patients with metastatic ccRCC, while equipping researchers with invaluable information for the progression of current treatment strategies.
  • 647
  • 20 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Depression/Anxiety Factors in Old during COVID-19 Pandemic
COVID-19 represents a threat to public health and the mental health of the aged population. Female gender, loneliness, poor sleep quality and poor motor function were identified as factors associated with both depression and anxiety. Levels of physical activity or exercise were associated with depression, with lower levels of activity identified as risk factors and exercising regularly as a protective factor. Several physical health conditions may be associated with anxiety. Aspects related to having a stable and high monthly income represent protective factors for both depression and anxiety.
  • 646
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Development of Vibrio cholerae Candidate Vaccine Strain
Approximately 1/6 of humanity is at high risk of experiencing cholera epidemics. Therefore, сholera epidemics and outbreaks represent one of the global health threats. Vaccination is an effective global health measure to prevent cholera epidemics. There is a need for the development of more effective, stable, and safe vaccines against cholera. We describe a strategy to genetically engineer a nontoxigenic natural Vibrio cholerae strain to develop a genetically stable and relatively safe candidate vaccine strain. Our approach is applicable for developing vaccine strains against cholera and other important human pathogens.
  • 646
  • 22 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Aortic Stenosis and Cardiac Amyloidosis
The association between aortic stenosis (AS) and cardiac amyloidosis (CA) is more frequent than expected. Albeit rare, CA, particularly the transthyretin (ATTR) form, is commonly found in elderly people. ATTR-CA is also the most prevalent form in patients with AS. These conditions share pathophysiological, clinical and imaging findings, making the diagnostic process very challenging.
  • 645
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Epidemiological Scenario of and Gastric Cancer in Chile
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than 50% of the world’s population. In 1994, the International Agency for Research on Cancer classified it as a Group I carcinogen. Infection can be acquired in childhood and persist asymptomatically throughout life. H. pylori causes chronic gastritis. This can lead to peptic ulcers as well as premalignant lesions such as atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, and dysplasia, which can eventually trigger gastric cancer. Atrophic gastritis is the first step in the premalignant cascade and is characterized by the loss of gastric glandular cells, resulting in reduced acid production and an increase in pH levels. Intestinal metaplasia refers to the transformation of the gastric epithelium into an intestinal-type epithelium, which can be complete or incomplete, depending on the presence of goblet cells among the epithelial cells. 
  • 645
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Precision Food Parenting
Precision nutrition is an evolving field, but considers a person’s health/disease status, genetics, metabolomics, microbiome, current food availability (e.g., grocery store, restaurant, home), and personal characteristics (e.g., previous food consumption that day, food preferences, etc.) to inform individualized guidance regarding the optimum nutrient intake to promote health for a child. Many factors influence child dietary intake, the most important of which need to be taken into consideration when making personalized dietary change prescriptions. 
  • 644
  • 15 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Methods in Health and Disease
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the modality of choice for a vast range of pathologies but also a sensitive probe into human physiology and tissue function. For this reason, several methodologies have been developed and continuously evolve in order to non-invasively monitor underlying phenomena in human adipose tissue that were difficult to assess in the past through visual inspection of standard imaging modalities.
  • 640
  • 21 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Sleep Medication in Older Adults
Pharmacy students and supervising community pharmacists are well placed to identify problems related to patients’ sleep disorders. Special attention should be given to the patient’s lifestyle.  A discussion with patients about their sleep patterns, nycturia and fluid intake. Another key point concerns the reassessment of hypnotic medications, particularly upon discharge from hospital; medications were rarely reassessed, and the medication use often failed to comply with the summary of product characteristics. Community pharmacists could collaborate with family physicians to facilitate the discontinuation of hypnotic medications and increase the patient’s commitment to change. Greater awareness of the ADRs associated with hypnotics might help to motivate the patients in this respect.
  • 639
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
DNA Aptamers to Detect Vibrio spp.
Early and accurate diagnoses of pathogenic microorganisms is essential to correctly identify diseases, treating infections, and tracking disease outbreaks associated with microbial infections, to develop precautionary measures that allow a fast and effective response in epidemics and pandemics, thus improving public health. Aptamers are a class of synthetic nucleic acid molecules with the potential to be used for medical purposes, since they can be directed towards any target molecule. Currently, the use of aptamers has increased because they are a useful tool in the detection of specific targets. 
  • 638
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chatbots in Personalized Care in Eye Health
In modern eye care, the adoption of ophthalmology chatbots stands out as a pivotal technological progression. These digital assistants present numerous benefits, such as better access to vital information, heightened patient interaction, and streamlined triaging. 
  • 637
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Emergency Department Care Experiences
Emergency departments (EDs) are an important source of care for people with mental health (MH) concerns. It can be challenging to treat MH in EDs, and there is little research capturing both patient and provider perspectives of these experiences. 
  • 633
  • 28 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Upper Airway Changes in Diverse Orthodontic Looms
Upper airway assessment is particularly important in the daily work of orthodontists, because of its close connection with the development of craniofacial structures and with other pathologies such as Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS). Rapid maxillary expansion and surgical advancement for the correction of Class II patients are associated with significant improvement in the upper airway, whereas maxillary protraction, extraction therapy, orthognathic surgery for Class III, and the use of a functional appliance have no significant impact.
  • 627
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Epigenetic Aberrations in Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma
Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL) is a rare extranodal non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) that primarily occurs in the upper aerodigestive tract and has an aggressive presentation, with locoregional invasion in the nasopharynx causing necrosis, hemorrhage, and impingement on anatomic structures including the orbits.
  • 625
  • 02 Mar 2023
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