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Topic Review
Snorkeling Mask
During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, industries and academic institutes have col-laborated to resolve the worldwide medical supply shortage issues. Innovative designs of 3D-printed items were proposed and developed by the maker community as a temporary solution to address the lack of personal protective equipment. An overview of global ongoing and past ini-tiatives during the COVID-19 pandemic along with their challenges on retrofitting full-face snor-keling masks for healthcare applications such as splash-proof face shields, respirator masks and non-invasive ventilation systems are reported in this contribution. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2021
Biography
Carleton C. Murdock
Carleton Chase Murdock (Cooperstown, N.Y. July 29, 1884 – Ithaca, N.Y. June 5, 1971) was an American physicist, teaching and researching primarily at Cornell University. He served as Dean of University Faculty from 1945 to 1951. Within the field of physics, he was known for research in the field of crystal structures and X-ray diffractions.[1] During academic year 1926-27, Murdock also conduct
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Kynurenine Pathway
Tryptophan metabolism plays an essential role in human health. In mammals, about 95% of dietary tryptophan is metabolized through the kynurenine pathway, which is associated with the development of several pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Some of the kynurenine pathway metabolites are agonists of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor involved in metabolic functions, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. 
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2023
Biography
Thelma Estrin
Thelma Estrin (February 21, 1924 – February 15, 2014[1]) was an American computer scientist and engineer who did pioneering work in the fields of expert systems and biomedical engineering. She was one of the first to apply computer technology to healthcare and medical research. She was professor emerita in the Department of Computer Science, University of California at Los Angeles. Thelma A
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Biography
Lorenzo A. Richards
Lorenzo Adolph Richards (April 24, 1904 – March 12, 1993) or known as Ren was one of the 20th century’s most influential minds in the field of soil physics.[1][2] Lorenzo A. Richards was born on April 24, 1904, in the town of Fielding, Utah, and received a B.S. and M.A. degree in Physics from Utah State University. His PhD thesis, completed at Cornell University in 1931 and entitled Cap
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
Harold Crouch
Harold Crouch (born 1940) is an Australian political science scholar and author. He has been described as "one of the pre-eminent scholars of Indonesian politics."[1] Most of his books are published under "Harold Crouch". Harold Arthur Crouch was born on 18 July 1940 in Melbourne, Australia at the Mercy Hospital. His parents, Marjorie Hilda Morris (Crouch) and Harold Crouch, were married in 1
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Biography
Ebenezer Laing
Ebenezer Laing, (28 June 1931 – 19 April 2015) was a Ghanaian botanist and plant geneticist who served as the Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University of Ghana, Legon.[1][2][3] He was a professor at the University of Ghana, Legon, and later an emeritus professor.[1] Laing, together with his university and faculty colleague, George C. Clerk (1931–2019), was one of the first Ghanaian academics to
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Chaenocephalus Aceratus
Chaenocephalus aceratus, commonly known as the blackfin icefish or the Scotia Sea icefish, is a species of crocodile icefish belonging to the family Channichthyidae. The blackfin icefish belongs to Notothenioidei, a suborder of fishes that accounts for 90% of the fish fauna on the Antarctic continental shelf. Icefishes, also called white-blooded fishes, are a unique family in that they are the only known vertebrates to lack haemoglobin, making their blood oxygen carrying capacity just 10% that of other teleosts. Icefishes have translucent blood and creamy white gills.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Nov 2022
Biography
Julius Sumner Miller
Julius Sumner Miller (May 17, 1909 – April 14, 1987) was an United States physicist and television personality.[1] He is best known for his work on children's television programs in North America and Australia. Julius Sumner Miller was born in Billerica, Massachusetts, as the youngest of nine children. His father was Latvian, and his Lithuanian mother spoke 12 languages.[2][3] Miller grad
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Dec 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Human Power Production and Energy Harvesting
This entry presents a holistic examination of the problem of harvesting energy from the human body. With the advent of the industrial revolution, in modern times, there is less and less need for physical human work; at the same time, motion is essential for health. Thus, sports and physical leisure activities have seen a dramatic increase in popularity. Until several decades ago, energy consumption was not an issue, at least in developed countries, but in recent years, it has become more and more evident that energy resources are finite and that there are limits to how much anthropic pressure the environment can sustain; one evident outcome is global warming. The repurposing of human energy also has psychological benefits, making people socially responsible and transforming otherwise wasted potential into a rewarding activity. Thus, on a small scale, over time, it has become evident that re-using and saving energy are vital. Humans can produce a large amount of energy through physical work, but over the past few decades, technologies have been developed to store and reuse energy that would otherwise be wasted. Some interesting applications and a critical review of the problem, which is linked to human metabolism and sport, are presented.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Marine Peptides in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the leading cause of cancer death in men, and its treatment is commonly associated with severe adverse effects. Anticancer peptides are less toxic to normal cells and provide an efficacious treatment approach via multiple mechanisms, including altered cell viability, apoptosis, cell migration/invasion, suppression of angiogenesis and microtubule balance disturbances. 
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jul 2022
Biography
Ivor Benson
Ivor Benson (November 1907 – January 1993) was a journalist, right-wing essayist, anti-communist and racist conspiracy theorist.[1] He fanatically supported apartheid in South Africa . He also wrote frequently about a global Jewish/Communist conspiracy; his main book on the subject, This Worldwide Conspiracy, was supported by the right-wing London Swinton Circle[2] and recommended by the neo-N
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Biography
Theodore Case
Theodore Willard Case (December 12, 1888 – May 13, 1944) was an American chemist, physicist, and inventor known for the invention of the Movietone sound-on-film sound film system. Case was born in Auburn, New York into a prominent family. Generations of the Cases lived on Genesee Street in Auburn, which eventually became the residence of Theodore Case's family. He attended St. John's Northw
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hybridoma Technology
Hybridoma technology is a method for producing large numbers of identical antibodies (also called monoclonal antibodies). This process starts by injecting a mouse (or other mammal) with an antigen that provokes an immune response. A type of white blood cell, the B cell, produces antibodies that bind to the injected antigen. These antibody producing B-cells are then harvested from the mouse and, in turn, fused with immortal B cell cancer cells, a myeloma,[clarification needed] to produce a hybrid cell line called a hybridoma, which has both the antibody-producing ability of the B-cell and the longevity and reproductivity of the myeloma. The hybridomas can be grown in culture, each culture starting with one viable hybridoma cell, producing cultures each of which consists of genetically identical hybridomas which produce one antibody per culture (monoclonal) rather than mixtures of different antibodies (polyclonal). The myeloma cell line that is used in this process is selected for its ability to grow in tissue culture and for an absence of antibody synthesis. In contrast to polyclonal antibodies, which are mixtures of many different antibody molecules, the monoclonal antibodies produced by each hybridoma line are all chemically identical. The production of monoclonal antibodies was invented by César Milstein and Georges J. F. Köhler in 1975. They shared the Nobel Prize of 1984 for Medicine and Physiology with Niels Kaj Jerne, who made other contributions to immunology. The term hybridoma was coined by Leonard Herzenberg during his sabbatical in César Milstein's laboratory in 1976–1977.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Biography
Josef Schintlmeister
Josef Schintlmeister (16 June 1908, Radstadt – 14 August 1971, Hinterglemm) was an Austrian-German nuclear physicist and alpinist from Radstadt. During World War II, he worked on the German nuclear energy project, also known as the Uranium Club. After World War II, he was sent Russia to work on the Soviet atomic bomb project. After he returned to Vienna, he took positions in East Germany. He w
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2022
Biography
François Arago
Dominique François Jean Arago (Catalan: Domènec Francesc Joan Aragó), known simply as François Arago (French: [fʁɑ̃swa aʁaɡo]; Catalan: Francesc Aragó, IPA: [fɾənˈsɛsk əɾəˈɣo]; 26 February 1786 – 2 October 1853), was a French mathematician, physicist, astronomer, freemason,[1] supporter of the Carbonari revolutionaries[2] and politician. Arago was born at Estagel, a s
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Influenzavirus C
Influenza virus C is a genus in the virus family Orthomyxoviridae, which includes the viruses that cause influenza. The species in this genus is called Influenza C virus. Influenza C viruses are known to infect humans and pigs. Flu due to the Type C species is rare compared to Types A or B, but can be severe and can cause local epidemics. Type C has 7 RNA segments and encodes 9 proteins, while Types A and B have 8 RNA segments and encode at least 10 proteins.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Cheating
Cheating is a term used in behavioral ecology and ethology to describe behavior whereby organisms receive a benefit at the cost of other organisms. Cheating is common in many mutualistic and altruistic relationships. A cheater is an individual who does not cooperate (or cooperates less than their fair share) but can potentially gain the benefit from others cooperating. Cheaters are also those who selfishly use common resources to maximize their individual fitness at the expense of a group. Natural selection favors cheating, but there are mechanisms to regulate it.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
High-Altitude Cerebral Edema
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is a medical condition in which the brain swells with fluid because of the physiological effects of traveling to a high altitude. It generally appears in patients who have acute mountain sickness and involves disorientation, lethargy, and nausea among other symptoms. It occurs when the body fails to acclimatize while ascending to a high altitude. It appears to be a vasogenic edema (fluid penetration of the blood–brain barrier), although cytotoxic edema (cellular retention of fluids) may play a role as well. Individuals with the condition must immediately descend to a lower altitude or coma and death can occur. Patients are usually given supplemental oxygen and dexamethasone as well. HACE can be prevented by ascending to heights slowly to allow the body more time to acclimatize. Acetazolamide also helps prevent the condition. Untreated patients usually die within 48 hours. Those who receive treatment may take weeks to fully recover. It is a rare condition, occurring in less than one percent of people who ascend to 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Although it was first described in 1913, little was known about the cause of the condition until MRI studies were performed in the 1990s.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Biography
Usha Goswami
Usha Goswami is a researcher and professor of Cognitive Developmental Neuroscience at the University of Cambridge and the director of the Centre for Neuroscience in Education at St. John's College, Cambridge. She obtained her Ph.D. in developmental psychology from the University of Oxford before becoming a professor of cognitive developmental psychology at the University College London. Goswami'
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Dec 2022
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