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Topic Review
Red Macroalgae
Red Seaweed “Rhodophyta” are an important group of macroalgae that include approximately 7000 species. They are a rich source of structurally diverse bioactive constituents, including protein, sulfated polysaccharides, pigments, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, minerals, and phenolic compounds with nutritional, medical, and industrial importance. Polysaccharides are the main components in the cell wall of red algae and represent about 40–50% of the dry weight, which are extensively utilized in industry and pharmaceutical compounds, due to their thickening and gelling properties. The hydrocolloids galactans carrageenans and agars are the main red seaweed cell wall polysaccharides, which had broad-spectrum therapeutic characters. Generally, the chemical contents of seaweed are different according to the algal species, growth stage, environment, and external conditions, e.g., the temperature of the water, light intensity, nutrient concentrations in the ecosystem. Economically, they can be recommended as a substitute source for natural ingredients that contribute to a broad range of bioactivities like cancer therapy, anti-inflammatory agents, and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory. This entry touches on the mainpoints of the pharmaceutical applications of red seaweed, as well as the exploitation of their specific compounds and secondary metabolites with vital roles.
  • 2.7K
  • 07 Dec 2020
Topic Review
AxBy Intermetallics for hydrogen storage
AxBy intermetallics show outstanding performances, notably for stationary hydrogen storage applications. Elemental substitution, whether on the A or B site of these alloys, allows the effective tailoring of key properties such as gravimetric density, equilibrium pressure, hysteresis and cyclic stability for instance.
  • 2.7K
  • 01 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Callose
Callose is a β-(1,3)-D-glucan polysaccharide with some β-1,6-branches that exists in all multicellular green algae and higher plants.
  • 2.7K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM)
Cell adhesion molecules (CAM) are cell surface glycoproteins involved in cell-to-cell and cell-to-extracellular matrix adhesion, a process that is essential for the correct maintenance and function of tissues and organs.
  • 2.7K
  • 07 Jun 2021
Topic Review
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF)
HMF, an indispensable member of the furan-based platform compound, known as the “sleeping giant”, is a bridge between renewable biomass and industrial bulk chemicals. In recent years, the catalytic transformation of biomass to HMF has been widely studied and envisaged to be hopeful in achieving sustainable biorefineries. The synthesis of HMF from biomass requires the acid hydrolysis of biomass to hexose, and then dehydration of hexose, to obtain HMF. In the second step of dehydration, starting from ketohexose (fructose) is more efficient than starting from aldohexose (glucose).
  • 2.7K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Anatomical-MRI Correlations in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy Adults and Children
Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most frequent hereditary cardiovascular disease and the leading cause of sudden cardiac death in young individuals. Advancements in CMR imaging have allowed for earlier identification and more accurate prognosis of HCM. CMR has been validated as a technique with high sensitivity and specificity, very few contraindications, a low risk of side effects, and is overall a good tool to be employed in the management of HCM patients.
  • 2.7K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Basic Principles and Operation Modes of AFM
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a method that provides the nanometer-resolution three-dimensional imaging of living cells in their native state in their natural physiological environment. AFM is a versatile tool for the high-resolution three-dimensional imaging, nanomechanical characterization and measurement of inter- and intramolecular forces in living and non-living structures. The AFM probe, which has a nm-sized tip, measures the interatomic forces between the sample surface and the tip apex. Sample preparation for AFM measurements is simple, and there is no need for the freezing, metal coating or staining of the sample. As a result, there is little-to-no damage to the sample, and the functions of biological systems can be preserved. AFM works in both air and liquids; so, physiological buffers and growth media can be used to study living cells. The high resolution of AFM allows the imaging of atoms on hard surfaces and molecules on soft biological samples.
  • 2.7K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
DNA Methylation in Leukemia, Myelodysplastic Syndrome, and Lymphoma
DNA methylation represents a crucial mechanism of epigenetic regulation in hematologic malignancies. The methylation process is controlled by specific DNA methyl transferases and other regulators, which are often affected by genetic alterations. Global hypomethylation and hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes are associated with hematologic cancer development and progression. Several epi-drugs have been successfully implicated in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, including the hypomethylating agents (HMAs) decitabine and azacytidine. However, combinations with other treatment modalities and the discovery of new molecules are still the subject of research to increase sensitivity to anti-cancer therapies and improve patient outcomes. 
  • 2.7K
  • 09 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Bio-Coatings Methods for Fruits and Vegetables Preservation
Consuming fresh food is undoubtedly the best way to enjoy various flavors and nutrients, but their preservation helps to enjoy all these even out of season. Bio-coating technologies hold great promise for the future of food preservation, offering a more sustainable and healthy way to keep fruits and vegetables fresh for more extended periods. The choice of a coating method may depend on the type of fresh fruits and vegetables, the coating material, and the desired coating thickness. The application method should be carried out under hygienic conditions to prevent contamination and ensure the effectiveness of the coating. It is also essential to apply the coating evenly and that it adheres properly to the surface of the produce, maximizing its effectiveness. The coating material can be applied in its pure form or mixed with other ingredients such as antioxidants, preservatives, or antimicrobial agents, thus enhancing its effectiveness.
  • 2.7K
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
The Versatility in the Applications of Dithiocarbamates
Dithiocarbamate ligands have the ability to form stable complexes with transition metals, and this chelating ability has been utilized in numerous applications. The complexes have also been used to synthesize other useful compounds. 
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chemical Sensor Array
A chemical sensor array is a sensor architecture with multiple sensor components that create a pattern for analyte detection from the additive responses of individual sensor components. There exist several types of chemical sensor arrays including electronic, optical, acoustic wave, and potentiometric devices, which are described below. These chemical sensor arrays can employ multiple sensor types that are cross-reactive or tuned to sense specific analytes.
  • 2.7K
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Psychographic Segmentation
Psychographic segmentation has been used in marketing research as a form of market segmentation which divides consumers into sub-groups based on shared psychological characteristics, including subconscious or conscious beliefs, motivations, and priorities to explain and predict consumer behavior. Developed in the 1970´s, it applies behavioral and social sciences to explore to understand consumers’ decision-making processes, consumer attitudes, values, personalities, lifestyles, and communication preferences. It complements demographic and socioeconomic segmentation, and enables marketers to target audiences with messaging to market brands, products or services. Some consider lifestyle segmentation to be interchangeable with psychographic segmentation, marketing experts argue that lifestyle relates specifically to overt behaviors while psychographics relate to consumers' cognitive style, which is based on their "patterns of thinking, feeling and perceiving".
  • 2.7K
  • 09 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Deindividuation
Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention (resistance) (see below). Sociologists also study the phenomenon of deindividuation, but the level of analysis is somewhat different. For the social psychologist, the level of analysis is the individual in the context of a social situation. As such, social psychologists emphasize the role of internal psychological processes. Other social sciences, such as sociology, are more concerned with broad social, economic, political, and historical factors that influence events in a given society.
  • 2.7K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Biography
Leonid Lapp
Leonid Lapp, born on December 5, 1953, in Ukraine, is a renowned figure in the realms of medical psychology, nutrition, and mental health, holding the prestigious title of Doctor honoris causa. His illustrious career, marked by a unique blend of engineering skills and a deep commitment to human health, has spanned various countries, including Russia, Israel, and currently Canada. Initially trai
  • 2.7K
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate)/Calcium Carbonate Films
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) is a biodegradable polymer synthesized from petrochemical resources. PBAT has an exceptionally high elongation at break values which makes it one of the most promising substitutes for LDPE packaging films. However, the applicability of PBAT films is still limited by low strength and high production costs. Polyethylene glycol 600 (PEG-600) was used as a coating agent to modify the surface of calcium carbonate and improve compatibility with the polymer matrix. A series of PBAT/CaCO3 composite films having different CaCO3 particle size and content of coating agent was prepared using extrusion blow molding. 
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dynamic Packet Duplication for Industrial URLLC
The fifth-generation (5G) network is presented as one of the main options for Industry 4.0 connectivity. To comply with critical messages, 5G offers the Ultra-Reliable and Low latency Communications (URLLC) service category with a millisecond end-to-end delay and reduced probability of failure. There are several approaches to achieve these requirements; however, these come at a cost in terms of redundancy, particularly the solutions based on multi-connectivity, such as Packet Duplication (PD). Specifically, this entry proposes a Machine Learning (ML) method to predict whether PD is required at a specific data transmission to successfully send a URLLC message. This entry is focused on reducing the resource usage with respect to pure static PD. 
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Factors that Affect Happiness
Happiness is a crucial human disposition that denotes a construct characterizing positive feelings in individuals and overall well-being. It can be perceived as a relatively stable state linked to diverse facets of an individual’s life and distinguishes itself from more transient emotions like joy or sadness. The comprehension of happiness holds significant importance in philosophical, psychological, scholarly, narrative, and governmental spheres, but conclusive agreement regarding the factors that genuinely engender happiness remains elusive. Happiness is “commonly understood as how much one likes the life one lives” . While the meaning and attainment of happiness may differ from person to person, levels of happiness also often fluctuate from one day to the next, and a pandemic such as COVID-19 is likely to change the dynamics of existing happiness.
  • 2.6K
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Sick Leave
Sick leave (or paid sick days or sick pay) is time off from work that workers can use to stay home to address their health and safety needs without losing pay. Paid sick leave is a statutory requirement in many nations. Most European, many Latin American, a few African and a few Asian countries have legal requirements for paid sick leave. The Book of Leviticus prescribed (7) days of medical isolation for a skin condition in chapter 13. Already in 1500 BCE, at least some of the workers who built the tombs of Egyptian pharaohs received paid sick leave as well as state-supported health care. In nations without laws mandating paid sick leave, some employers choose to offer it. Those that do offer sick leave do so as a matter of workplace policy or because it is in some or all of the employees' employment contracts or required by a collective bargaining agreement. Currently, nine US states (Arizona, California, Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, Oregon, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington); 23 US cities; and two US counties (Montgomery County, MD and San Francisco County, CA) have laws mandating paid sick leave. Currently, there are additional US city, county and state jurisdictions with proposed legislation to enact paid sick leave.
  • 2.6K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
The Psychology of Forgiveness
Forgiveness psychology is a thriving field with ample implications for personal and relational well-being, community health, international relations, and politics. The aim of this entry is to briefly introduce the science of forgiveness that emerged over three decades ago and document its major developments. In this entry, definitions of forgiveness, the emergence of the scientific study on forgiveness, models of forgiveness, forgiveness education, measures of forgiveness, and benefits of forgiveness will be discussed, followed by several implications for consideration.
  • 2.6K
  • 26 Jul 2025
Topic Review
Contribution of Opuntia Species to Ecosystem
Opuntia is an invasive flowering succulent plant species that grows up to 5 m tall and is a crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant which belongs to the Cactaceae family.
  • 2.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
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