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Topic Review
Bioremediation
Bioremediation can reduce pesticide contamination of agricultural soils by biodegradation processes via the metabolic activities of microorganisms. It is an efficient, cost-effective, and environment-friendly treatment.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
New Psychoactive Substances: Piperazines and Aminoindanes
According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), new psychoactive substances (NPS) are classified as “substances of abuse, either in a pure form or a preparation, that are not controlled by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs or the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances, but which may pose a public health threat”. Some substances are used as stimulants, in this case, synthetic stimulants include aminoindanes, phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones, and tryptamines, of which synthetic cannabinoids and synthetic cathinones are the largest groups. As stimulant drugs, their biological action occurs mainly on the dopamine and serotonin neurotransmitters, and to a lesser extent on epinephrine, which is later responsible for the stimulatory effects of these substances.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Lighting Strategy in Plant Factory with Artificial Light
A plant factory with artificial light (PFAL) is defined as an advanced agricultural production system with a precisely controlled environment, playing an important role in vertical farming and urban food supply. Artificial light is one of the core technologies in PFALs and accounts for a large part of energy consumption; elevating the light utilization efficiency of plants is vital for the sustainable development of PFALs. Meanwhile, the enclosed structure of the plant factory resulted in the independence of its light environment, indicating that the light environment in PFALs can be custom-made. Lighting strategy is an attempt to reprogram the light environmental parameters in unconventional ways, resulting in innovative lighting modes for energy-saving, high-yield, and high-quality production in PFALs. 
  • 2.7K
  • 30 May 2022
Topic Review
Road Policing Unit
A road policing unit (RPU) is the motorway and trunk-road police unit of a British police force. Most territorial police forces established traffic departments in the early 1950s, although the first was established by the Metropolitan Police Service in 1919, but it was with the opening of the M1 motorway in November 1959 that the need for the police to have a specialist department dedicated to policing the new roads was recognised. The 1960s saw the start of construction of new motorways, so the traffic departments grew. One of the first fatal accidents on the M1 occurred near Newport Pagnell, Buckinghamshire in December 1959.
  • 2.7K
  • 30 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Job Design
Job design (also referred to as work design or task design) is a core function of industrial and organizational psychology, and refers to the "content and organization of one's work tasks, activities, relationships, and responsibilities" (p. 662). Job design has been linked to a wide range of organizational outcomes, including productivity, safety, and innovation, as well as a range of outcomes that are important to individual workers, such as job satisfaction, personal development, and motivation. Its principles are geared towards how the nature of a person's job affects their attitudes and behavior at work, particularly relating to characteristics such as skill variety and autonomy.
  • 2.7K
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Disk Defragmenter (Windows)
Disk Defragmenter is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel, which reduces the time it takes to read files from and write files to the disk. Beginning with Windows XP, Disk Defragmenter also reduces system startup times. From Windows 8, the program was renamed to Defragment and Optimize Drives.
  • 2.7K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
ΔT
In precise timekeeping, ΔT (Delta T, delta-T, deltaT, or DT) is a measure of the cumulative effect of the departure of the Earth's rotation period from the fixed-length day of atomic time. Formally it is the time difference obtained by subtracting Universal Time (UT, defined by the Earth's rotation) from Terrestrial Time (TT, independent of the Earth's rotation): ΔT = TT − UT. The value of ΔT for the start of 1902 was approximately zero; for 2002 it was about 64 seconds. So the Earth's rotations over that century took about 64 seconds longer than would be required for days of atomic time. As well as this long-term drift in the length of the day there are short-term fluctuations in the length of day (Δτ) which are dealt with separately.
  • 2.7K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
3D City Models
3D city models are digital models of urban areas that represent terrain surfaces, sites, buildings, vegetation, infrastructure and landscape elements in three-dimensional scale as well as related objects (e.g., city furniture) belonging to urban areas. Their components are described and represented by corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional spatial data and geo-referenced data. 3D city models support presentation, exploration, analysis, and management tasks in a large number of different application domains. In particular, 3D city models allow "for visually integrating heterogeneous geoinformation within a single framework and, therefore, create and manage complex urban information spaces."
  • 2.7K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Principle of the Light Field Camera
A light field camera has the benefit of being compact and reconstructing the 3D shape of the surface with just one shot. At the same time, it can provide dense multiple angles and obtain richer image information, improving measurement accuracy and solving measurement challenges such as occlusion.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Aircraft Noise
Aircraft noise is noise pollution produced by aircraft during the various phases of a flight. Sound production is divided into three categories: Health consequences include sleep disturbance, hearing impairment and heart disease, as well as workplace accidents caused by stress. Memory and recall can also be affected. Governments have enacted extensive controls that apply to aircraft designers, manufacturers, and operators, resulting in improved procedures and cuts in pollution.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Zeaxanthin and Photoprotection in Plants
Conversion of sunlight into photochemistry by plants depends on photoprotective processes that allow safe use of sunlight over a broad range of environmental conditions. This entry focuses on the universal use by plants of the photoprotector zeaxanthin that is part of a group of three interconvertible leaf carotenoids collectively known as the xanthophyll cycle. We survey the striking plasticity of this photoprotective process in nature that can be fine-tuned to produce a fit for different environments with various combinations of light, temperature, and other factors.
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Isoquinolone
Isoquinolones (isoquinolin-1(2H)-ones): the atom- and step-economic syntheses.
  • 2.7K
  • 14 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Postbiotics in Skin Conditions
The skin microbiome is composed of a complex association of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The maintenance of skin commensal microbes is essential for preventing the overgrowth of pathogenic microorganisms or already present opportunistic pathogens. Thus, the development of bioactive compounds capable of modulating skin microbiome has become an important topic for both researchers and the cosmetic industry. Increasingly, scientific evidence highlights that metabolites derived from probiotics have a great potential to prevent diseases affecting the skin. These compounds have recently been called postbiotics and are defined as a “preparation of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confers a health benefit on the host”. Postbiotics are obtained from fermentations performed almost exclusively by lactic acid bacteria and yeast. Short-chain fatty acids, bacteriocins, and organic acids are some examples of postbiotics. These compounds exhibit antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. In addition, postbiotic production possesses technological advantages, including high stability and increased safety, compared to viable probiotics.
  • 2.7K
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Methods for Enhanced Oil Recovery from Reservoirs
Development systems, placement and choice of operating mode of wells essentially depend on the geological structure of the reservoir, its volume and properties of oils. An important role in this is the construction of a geological model of the production facility. The used hydrodynamic models of development are based on physical laws, about which oil producers sometimes don’t even suspect, and the authors of the models are not always able to convey it to the real producers. 
  • 2.7K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Capricornus
Capricornus, often depicted as a sea-goat in mythology, is a zodiac constellation located in the southern celestial hemisphere. Its name is derived from the Latin words "capra," meaning goat, and "cornu," meaning horn. Capricornus is notable for containing several bright stars and is associated with the winter solstice in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • 2.7K
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Sustainable Tourism in the Rural Environment
The multiplicity of forms of tourism and leisure activities is due to many factors. These could be a tourist’s interests, curiosity about the world, cultural or recreational offerings, tourist resources, infrastructure, technical possibilities, or a destination understood as a specific area or type of landscape. One of the more popular forms, which combines some of these factors, is rural tourism.
  • 2.7K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
ABCDE Model of Sarcoidosis Care
The importance of comprehensive care in sarcoidosis is generally acknowledged [12,13]. Here, we describe the ABCDE model, that can be used to structure comprehensive sarcoidosis management in order to improve quality of life and outcomes for patients (Figure 1). This model includes the following components: the Assessment of symptoms and patient’s needs, Backing patients by providing support and education, treatment of Complaints and Comorbidities, Disease-modifying treatment, and the involvement of Extrapulmonary specialists. As disease activity, organ involvement, and patients’ preferences may vary during the disease course, regular reassessment is essential. The ABCDE model can provide guidance to clinicians during the first work-up and follow-up of patients with sarcoidosis.
  • 2.7K
  • 23 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Digital Public Services Evaluation
Digital public services evaluation consists of monitoring and evaluation of indicators to assess the effectiveness of public services provided by a government in order to allow services with high performance, with a more rational planning and to satisfy the quality expected by the users.
  • 2.7K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fuzzy VS Bivalent Logic
In this work a comparison is attempted between the Aristotle’s traditional bivalent logic, which dominated for centuries on the human way of thinking, and the relatively recent Zadeh’s fuzzy logic, which has already found many and important applications to almost all sectors of the human activity. It is concluded that, although the enormous progress of science and technology owes a lot to bivalent logic, fuzzy logic which completes and extends it, fits much better to our everyday life situations and to the scientific way of thinking.
  • 2.7K
  • 20 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Callose
Callose is a β-(1,3)-D-glucan polysaccharide with some β-1,6-branches that exists in all multicellular green algae and higher plants.
  • 2.7K
  • 27 Apr 2021
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