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Topic Review
Health Benefits of Cocoa
Cocoa is considered a functional food because it is a natural source of macro- and micronutrients. Cocoa is rich in vitamins, minerals, fiber, fatty acids, methylxanthines and flavonoids. In addition to favoring the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates, the bioactive components of cocoa can have an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effect, providing numerous benefits for health. 
  • 625
  • 19 Sep 2023
Topic Review
The Effect of Plant-Based Nutrition Diets
Diet is an important tool in managing dyslipidemic disorders, thus contributing to the prophylaxis of cardiovascular morbidity. Plant based diets are promising tools in the management of cardiovascular diseases and they should be taken intro consideration by all medical practitioners
  • 620
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet, NAFLD, Mitochondria, and Oxidative Stress
Together with the global rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of individuals who suffer from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen dramatically. NAFLD is currently the most common chronic liver disease and includes a continuum of liver disorders from initial fat accumulation to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), considered the more severe forms, which can evolve in, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Common features of NAFLD includes altered lipid metabolism mainly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which, as a vicious cycle, aggravates oxidative stress and promotes inflammation and, as a consequence, the progressive death of hepatocytes and the severe form of NAFLD. A ketogenic diet (KD), i.e., a diet very low in carbohydrates (<30 g/die) that induces “physiological ketosis”, has been demonstrated to alleviate oxidative stress and restore mitochondrial function. 
  • 620
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Dysbiosis, Maternal Immune Activation and Autism
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neuropsychiatric condition characterized by impaired social interactions and repetitive stereotyped behaviors. Growing evidence highlights an important role of the gut–brain–microbiome axis in the pathogenesis of ASD. Research indicates an abnormal composition of the gut microbiome and the potential involvement of bacterial molecules in neuroinflammation and brain development disruptions.
  • 615
  • 01 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Flavonoids Modulations in TNBC
Triple- negative breast cancer (TNBC) incidence rate has regularly risen over the last decades and is expected to increase in the future. Finding novel treatment options with minimum or no toxicity is of great importance in treating or preventing TNBC. Flavonoids are new attractive molecules that might fulfill this promising therapeutic option. Flavonoids have shown many biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects. In addition to their anticancer effects by arresting the cell cycle, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing cancer cell proliferation, flavonoids can modulate non-coding microRNAs (miRNAs) function. Several preclinical and epidemiological studies indicate the possible therapeutic potential of these compounds. Flavonoids display a unique ability to change miRNAs’ levels via different mechanisms, either by suppressing oncogenic miRNAs or activating oncosuppressor miRNAs or affecting transcriptional, epigenetic miRNA processing in TNBC. Flavonoids are not only involved in the regulation of miRNA-mediated cancer initiation, growth, proliferation, differentiation, invasion, metastasis, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), but also control miRNAs-mediated biological processes that significantly impact TNBC, such as cell cycle, immune system, mitochondrial dysregulation, modulating signaling pathways, inflammation, and angiogenesis. 
  • 614
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Sarcopenia Screening Among Patients Undergoing Peritoneal Dialysis
Sarcopenia, characterized by an aging-related progressive decline of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical performance, is frequently encountered in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (PD) and is associated with adverse clinical outcomes. However, the best screening tools facilitating the rapid detection of sarcopenia among patients undergoing PD remain unknown.
  • 614
  • 01 Mar 2022
Topic Review
The Interplay between Inflammation in Malnutrition
Inflammation has been identified as a key driver for disease-related malnutrition, leading to anorexia, reduced food intake, muscle catabolism, and insulin resistance, which are stimulating a catabolic state. Interesting data suggest that inflammation also modulates the response to nutritional treatment. Patients with high inflammation show no response to nutritional interventions, while patients with lower levels of inflammation do. This may explain the contradictory results of nutritional trials to date and the lack of effect in more severly ill patients.
  • 614
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Glycemic Control Biomarkers
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a worldwide-spread chronic metabolic disease that occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin levels or when the body fails to effectively use the secreted pancreatic insulin, eventually resulting in hyperglycemia. According to the International Diabetes Federation, in 2021, 537 million adults were suffering from DM, resulting in 6.7 million deaths and a 966 billion dollars healthcare cost. Systematic glycemic control is the only procedure at the disposal to prevent diabetes long-term complications such as cardiovascular disorders, kidney diseases, nephropathy, neuropathy, and retinopathy. The gold standard for glycemic control assessment in clinics is the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) measurement,  but glycated albumin (GA) has recently gained more and more attention as a control biomarker thanks to its shorter lifespan and wider reliability compared to HbA1c. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and blood glucose monitoring (BGM) remain useful individual tools for diabetes self-management. 
  • 613
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Inherited Metabolic Disorders Requiring Diet Regimen
Many inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs), including disorders of amino acid, fatty acid, and carbohydrate metabolism, are treated with a dietary reduction or exclusion of certain macronutrients, putting one at risk of a reduced intake of micronutrients.
  • 611
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Food Groups' Effects on Gut Microbiota and T2DM
Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Considering the effects of macro- and micronutrients on gut microbiota and T2DM, food groups and dietary patterns are major determinants of the gut microbiota–metabolic disorder axis. 
  • 610
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Diet and Lipid-Lowering Nutraceuticals in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetically determined disease characterized by elevated plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels from the very first years of life, leading to early atherosclerosis. Nutritional intervention is the first-line treatment, complemented with nutraceuticals and drug therapy when necessary.
  • 610
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction
White adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction plays an important role in the development of cardiometabolic alterations associated with obesity. AT dysfunction is characterized by the loss of the expansion capacity of the AT, an increment in adipocyte hypertrophy, and changes in the secretion profile of adipose cells, associated with accumulation of macrophages and inflammation. 
  • 608
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Omega-3 Lipid Mediators in Chronic Liver Diseases
Omega-3s are found in three main forms, namely, α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18C:3 n-3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20C:5 n-3), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22C:6 n-3).
  • 607
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Interrelationships between Diabetes, Anxiety, and Depression
Anxiety and depression have become widespread mental disorders identified by cognition, mood, and attitude variations that significantly impact an individual’s well-being and daily life. Depression disorders have been estimated at approximately 17%, while the prevalence of anxiety disorders is about 29%. Considerable evidence confirms that mental health disorders enhance appetite and cravings and decrease motivation for physical activity. Furthermore, high sugar intake has been associated with depression and anxiety in numerous cross-sectional and observational studies. Along the same lines, research studies have identified a link between the intake of refined carbohydrates and circulating inflammatory markers and their impact on mental health.
  • 600
  • 10 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Legumes and Health Sustainability
Legumes belong to the botanical family of Fabaceae (Leguminosae), and those which are consumed by humans are categorized into oilseed legumes (soybeans and peanuts) and non-oilseed legumes.
  • 600
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Chemical Structure and Biological Functions of Dietary Polyphenols
Several thousand molecules with a polyphenol structure (i.e., several hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings) have been identified in higher plants, and several hundred are found in edible plants. These molecules are secondary metabolites of plants and are generally involved in defending against ultraviolet radiation or aggression by pathogens. These compounds may be classified into different groups as a function of the number of phenol rings that they contain, and of the structural elements that bind these rings to one another. Distinctions are thus made between phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans. The flavonoids, which share a common structure consisting of two aromatic rings (A and B) that are bound together by three carbon atoms that form an oxygenated heterocycle (ring C), may themselves be divided into six subclasses as a function of the type of heterocycle involved: flavonols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, antho-cyanidins, and flavanols (catechins and proanthocyanidins). In addition to this diversity, polyphenols may be associated with various carbohydrates and organic acids, and with one another.
  • 593
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Fibre, Gut Microbiome and Genetic Variability
Dietary fibre (DF) and associated compounds are metabolized by the gut microbiota and their resulting metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), were significantly associated with health beneficial effects. However, SCFA metabolic pathways are not fully understood.  As dietary patterns do not affect all individuals equally, the host genetic makeup may play a role in the metabolic fate of these metabolites, in addition to other factors that might influence the microbiota. 
  • 592
  • 05 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Dietary Inflammatory Index and Hyperuricemia
Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) scores have been consistently associated with several chronic diseases.
  • 589
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Inflammatory Rheumatic Disorders
Despite their beneficial effects, the effects of vitamin supplementation on RA activity, if any, seem to be limited. Evidence on their efficacy on SpA or PsA activity is lacking. However, folic acid supplementation should be suggested to prevent methotrexate-related side effects, and vitamin D should be given to patients with vitamin D deficiency to prevent musculo-skeletal complications.
  • 588
  • 05 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Agricultural Intensification on Mediterranean Diets
Mediterranean diets (MedDiets) are linked to substantial health benefits. However, there is also growing evidence that the intensification of food production over the last 60 years has resulted in nutritionally relevant changes in the composition of foods that may augment the health benefits of MedDiets. 
  • 587
  • 19 Oct 2023
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