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Topic Review
Food Groups' Effects on Gut Microbiota and T2DM
Nutrition is one of the most influential environmental factors in both taxonomical shifts in gut microbiota as well as in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Considering the effects of macro- and micronutrients on gut microbiota and T2DM, food groups and dietary patterns are major determinants of the gut microbiota–metabolic disorder axis. 
  • 349
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet, NAFLD, Mitochondria, and Oxidative Stress
Together with the global rise in obesity and metabolic syndrome, the prevalence of individuals who suffer from nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has risen dramatically. NAFLD is currently the most common chronic liver disease and includes a continuum of liver disorders from initial fat accumulation to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), considered the more severe forms, which can evolve in, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Common features of NAFLD includes altered lipid metabolism mainly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction, which, as a vicious cycle, aggravates oxidative stress and promotes inflammation and, as a consequence, the progressive death of hepatocytes and the severe form of NAFLD. A ketogenic diet (KD), i.e., a diet very low in carbohydrates (<30 g/die) that induces “physiological ketosis”, has been demonstrated to alleviate oxidative stress and restore mitochondrial function. 
  • 346
  • 26 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Etiopathogenic Factors for Obesity
Obesity is an abnormal or excessive accumulation of fat that represents a health risk, and it is characterized by reaching a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than 30 kg/m2. Obesity is a chronic disease of multifactorial etiology that involves an energy imbalance, genetic and epigenetic factors, alterations in glucose and lipid metabolism, disorders of adipose tissue functioning, neuroendocrine dysregulation, and alterations in the intestinal microbiota, among others.
  • 345
  • 05 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Superfoods for Type 2 Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease affecting an estimated 537 million individuals worldwide. ‘Superfoods’ can be integrated into the diet of T2DM patients due to their health benefits.
  • 343
  • 29 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Determinants of VLBWs’ Nutrition with Maternal Milk
The low prevalence and short duration of Mother’s Own Milk (MOM) feeding among Very Low-Birth-Weight infants (VLBWs) infants have been associated with several factors. Several studies have shown that mothers who are not married, younger, have a lower educational level, are smokers, multiparous and do not attend prenatal care are less likely to feed their infants with MOM. Furthermore, infants with a lower gestational age, lower birth weight, severe neonatal morbidities and longer hospital stays are less likely to be fed with breast milk. The European EPICE cohort has also explored the maternal, obstetric and infant factors, as well as the maternal and neonatal unit policies that may influence MOM feeding at hospital discharge. Vaginal delivery, singleton delivery and MOM consumption at the first meal have been associated with exclusive MOM feeding, while a positive association with any MOM feeding at discharge is described for factors such as the administration of prenatal corticosteroids, primiparity, timing < 24 h after birth before the first enteral feeding and MOM consumption at the first meal. 
  • 339
  • 29 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Common Inflammatory Diseases and Gut Microbiota with Diet
Dietary choices can have an immense impact on the microbial flora of the gut in people with inflammatory diseases. 
  • 336
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin Effects in Primary Dysmenorrhea
Primary dysmenorrhea is considered to be one of the most common gynecological complaints, affecting women’s daily activities and social life. The severity of dysmenorrhea varies among women, and its management is of high importance for them. Most of them supported the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and analgesic properties of vitamins. 
  • 329
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gut Immunobiosis
The human gastrointestinal (GI) tract hosts complex and dynamic populations of microorganisms (gut microbiota) in advantageous symbiosis with the host organism through sophisticated molecular cross-talk. The balance and diversification within microbial communities (eubiosis) are crucial for the immune and metabolic homeostasis of the host, as well as for inhibiting pathogen penetration. In contrast, compositional dysregulation of the microbiota (dysbiosis) is blamed for the determinism of numerous diseases. Although further advances in the so-called ‘omics’ disciplines are needed, dietary manipulation of the gut microbial ecosystem through biomodulators (prebiotics, probiotics, symbionts, and postbiotics) represents an intriguing target to stabilize and/or restore eubiosis. Recently, new approaches have been developed for the production of infant formulas supplemented with prebiotics (human milk oligosaccharides [HMOs], galacto-oligosaccharides [GOS], fructo-oligosaccharides [FOS]), probiotics, and postbiotics to obtain formulas that are nutritionally and biologically equivalent to human milk (closer to the reference).
  • 328
  • 24 May 2023
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diets
Ketogenic diets are very low in carbohydrate, modest in protein, and high in fat. Several systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported beneficial but short-lived effects of intermittent fasting and ketogenic diets on various obesity-related health outcomes. 
  • 327
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Diet and Lipid-Lowering Nutraceuticals in Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a genetically determined disease characterized by elevated plasma total and LDL cholesterol levels from the very first years of life, leading to early atherosclerosis. Nutritional intervention is the first-line treatment, complemented with nutraceuticals and drug therapy when necessary.
  • 326
  • 27 Feb 2024
Topic Review
White Adipose Tissue Dysfunction
White adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction plays an important role in the development of cardiometabolic alterations associated with obesity. AT dysfunction is characterized by the loss of the expansion capacity of the AT, an increment in adipocyte hypertrophy, and changes in the secretion profile of adipose cells, associated with accumulation of macrophages and inflammation. 
  • 320
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Destiny of Bariatric Patients
Obese patients reported worse outcomes of COVID-19 related to prothrombotic and low-grade inflammation status. During the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak, all non-elective surgeries were postponed, including bariatric surgery (BS).
  • 318
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Obesity and Selected Allergic and Immunological Diseases
Obesity is a global problem. It affects every age group and is associated with many negative health effects. As an example, there is a relationship between obesity and allergic and immunological diseases, such as asthma, psoriasis, food allergies, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Obesity undeniably affects their development.
  • 318
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Gut-Modulating Agents and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a highly fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the progressive wasting and paralysis of voluntary muscle. Despite extensive research, the etiology of ALS remains elusive, and effective treatment options are limited. However, recent evidence implicates gut dysbiosis and gut–brain axis (GBA) dysfunction in ALS pathogenesis. Alterations to the composition and diversity of microbial communities within the gut flora have been consistently observed in ALS patients. These changes are often correlated with disease progression and patient outcome, suggesting that GBA modulation may have therapeutic potential.
  • 318
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Therapeutic Applications of Probiotics
Probiotics are live microorganisms that induce health benefits to the host. Prebiotics, such as inulin and fructooligosaccharides, are nondigestible food components that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria in the colon, whereas synbiotics are a mixture of live microorganisms with substrates that are selectively utilized by host which can provide even more benefits than prebiotics alone.
  • 317
  • 25 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Nutritional Metabolomics in Diet–Breast Cancer Relations
Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancer in women worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Diet has been identified as a modifiable risk factor for breast cancer, but the complex interplay between diet, metabolism, and cancer development is not fully understood. Nutritional metabolomics is a rapidly evolving field that can provide insights into the metabolic changes associated with dietary factors and their impact on breast cancer risk.
  • 314
  • 12 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Caenorhabditis elegans for Screening Probiotics with Antiobesity Properties
Due to the role of gut microbiota in the regulation of lipid, glucose, and insulin homeostasis, probiotics with beneficial properties have emerged as an alternative therapeutic tool to ameliorate metabolic diseases-related disturbances, including fat excess or inflammation. Different strains of bacteria, mainly lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and species from the genus Bifidobacterium, have emerged as potential probiotics due to their anti-obesogenic and/or anti-diabetic properties. However, in vivo studies are needed to demonstrate the mechanisms involved in these probiotic features. In this context, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a very powerful simple in vivo model to study the physiological and molecular effects of probiotics with potential applications regarding the different pathologies of metabolic syndrome.
  • 314
  • 18 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Potential Anti-H1N1 Effects of Phenolic Compounds from Salicornia
The saltwater-tolerant plants in the Salicornia genus belonging to the Amaranthaceae family are widely recognized and researched as producers of clinically applicable phytochemicals. The plants in the Salicornia genus contain flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides, and hydroxycinnamic acids, including caffeic acid, ferulic acid, chlorogenic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, myricetin, isoquercitrin, and myricitrin, which have all been shown to support the antiviral, virucidal, and symptom-suppressing activities. 
  • 312
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Peptides Derived from Edible Insects
Novel foods, including edible insects, are emerging because of their nutritional characteristics and low environmental impacts and could represent a valid alternative source of food in a more sustainable way. Edible insects have been shown to have beneficial effects on human health. Insect-derived bioactive peptides exert antihypertensive, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties and have protective effects against common metabolic conditions. 
  • 310
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Vitamin D and Inflammation in Obesity
Obesity affects more than one billion people worldwide and often leads to cardiometabolic chronic comorbidities. It induces senescence-related alterations in adipose tissue, and senescence is closely linked to obesity. Fully elucidating the pathways through which vitamin D exerts anti-inflammatory effects may improve our understanding of local adipose tissue inflammation and the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders.
  • 309
  • 02 Jan 2024
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