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Topic Review
Cop9 Signalosome Subunits
The COP9 (Constitutive photomorphogenesis 9) signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex that influences several signaling and developmental processes. The COP9 signalosome consists of eight subunits, among which two subunits, CSN5 and CSN6, contain an Mpr1/Pad1 N-terminal (MPN) domain and the remaining six subunits contain a proteasome, COP9 signalosome, and initiation factor 3 (PCI) domain. In plants, each MPN subunit is encoded by two genes, which is not the case in other organisms.
  • 436
  • 15 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Allograft Inflammatory Factor-1 in Metazoans
Allograft inflammatory factor-1 (AIF-1) is a calcium-binding scaffold/adaptor protein often associated with inflammatory diseases. Originally cloned from active macrophages in humans and rats, this gene has also been identified in other vertebrates and in several invertebrate species. Among metazoans, AIF-1 protein sequences remain relatively highly conserved. Generally, the highest expression levels of AIF-1 are observed in immunocytes, suggesting that it plays a key role in immunity. In mammals, the expression of AIF-1 has been reported in different cell types such as activated macrophages, microglial cells, and dendritic cells. Its main immunomodulatory role during the inflammatory response has been highlighted. Among invertebrates, AIF-1 is involved in innate immunity, being in many cases upregulated in response to biotic and physical challenges. AIF-1 transcripts result ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues from invertebrates, suggesting its participation in a variety of biological processes, but its role remains largely unknown. 
  • 435
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Olfactory Bulb
The olfactory bulb in vertebrates lies at the very front of the brain, and is responsible for processing information from olfactory receptors in the nose. The bulb has two parts, the ‘’main olfactory bulb’’ (MOB) and the ‘’accessory olfactory bulb’’ (AOB). Nerve fibres from the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson’s organ), a chemosensitive organ at the base of the nasal cavity innervate the accessory olfactory bulb whereas the olfactory nerves terminate in the MOB. The cellular architecture and synaptic organisation are similar in the two parts of the bulb, but the laminar organisation in the accessory olfactory bulb is less distinct. The output from the olfactory bulb is carried by the axons of the "principal neurones", the mitral and tufted cells, in the lateral olfactory tract.
  • 435
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for COVID‐19
More than one year into the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare systems across the world continue to be overwhelmed with soaring daily cases. The treatment spectrum primarily includes ventilation support augmented with repurposed drugs and/or convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) from recovered COVID-19 patients. CPT is a promising COVID-19 therapeutic option that merits internationally coordinated RCTs to achieve a scientific risk-benefit consensus. 
  • 434
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Lotus Genomics and the Contribution to Its Breeding
Genomics is the cornerstone of breeding, and studies based on whole-genome sequencing and genome-wide association study have greatly driven forward genomics-assisted breeding in many crops. Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera), under the Nelumbonaceae family, is one of the relict plants possessing important scientific research and economic values. As a basal eudicot species, lotus plays an essential role in studying plant evolution and phylogeny. It is adapted to the aquatic environment, while its relatives are shrubs or trees living on land. Water lily lies at the phylogenetic position of the base angiosperm and has similar living conditions and flowers. However, its genomes are vastly different. Lotus has unique features such as water-repellent self-cleaning function, multi-seed production, and flower thermogenesis, which may relate to flower protogyny or provide a warm environment for pollination.
  • 433
  • 19 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Proteomics for Pancreatic Cancer
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating disease that has a grim prognosis, highlighting the need for improved screening, diagnosis, and treatment strategies. The sole biomarker for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) authorized by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration is CA 19-9, which proves to be the most beneficial in tracking treatment response rather than in early detection.
  • 432
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Pathways Associated with Skeletal Sagittal Malocclusions
Skeletal class II and III malocclusions are craniofacial disorders that negatively impact people’s quality of life worldwide. Interestingly, several genes and enriched pathways are involved in both skeletal class II and III malocclusions, indicating the key regulatory effects of these genes and pathways in craniofacial development.
  • 431
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endothelial Extracellular Vesicles
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by the endothelial cells mirror the remarkable molecular heterogeneity of their parent cells. Cargo molecules carried by EVs were shown to contribute to the physiological functions of endothelium and may support the plasticity and adaptation of endothelial cells in a paracrine manner. Endothelium-derived vesicles can also contribute to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease or can serve as prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. Finally, endothelium-derived EVs can be used as therapeutic tools to target endothelium for drug delivery or target stromal cells via the endothelial cells.
  • 431
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Light and Smoke Compounds in Photoblastic Seeds
Light increases the germinability of positively photoblastic seeds and inhibits the germination of negative ones. In an area where plant-generated smoke from fire is a periodically occurring environmental factor, smoke chemicals can affect the germination of seeds, including those that are photoblastically sensitive. In general, germination is under control of inhibitors involved in seed dormancy (mostly abscisic acid, ABA, and auxin, IAA), while gibberellic acid (GA) stimulates the process. Light, via the phytochrome system positively affects GA and decreases ABA and IAA levels. Similarly, karrikin1 (KAR1), physiologically active smoke compound, regulates some light-induced genes which results in germination of positively photoblastic seeds in darkness. 
  • 430
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Oxygen Toxicity and Reactivity
For most living beings, oxygen is an essential molecule for survival, being the basis of biological oxidations, which satisfy most of the energy needs of aerobic organisms. Oxygen can also behave as a toxic agent posing a threat to the existence of living beings since it can give rise to reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can oxidise biological macromolecules, among which proteins and lipids are the preferred targets.
  • 430
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Non-Coding RNA in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are RNA molecules that do not code for protein but play key roles in regulating cellular processes. NcRNAs globally affect gene expression in diverse physiological and pathological contexts. Functionally important ncRNAs act in chromatin modifications, mRNA stabilization and translation, and the regulation of various signaling pathways. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a set of conditions caused by the accumulation of triacylglycerol in the liver. Studies of ncRNA in NAFLD are limited but have demonstrated that ncRNAs play a critical role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD. 
  • 430
  • 23 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Proteomic Biomarkers of Cervical Cancer
Proteomic biomarkers are majorly categorized into four types: Diagnostic biomarkers, allow the early detection of cancer; Prognostic biomarkers, offer information about the disease’s expected progress; Therapeutic biomarkers, are proteins that can be exploited as a therapeutic target using drugs/small molecules; lastly, the predictive biomarkers basically predict a patient’s reaction to targeted therapy and thereby establish subpopulations of patients who are likely to benefit from that.
  • 430
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Impact of Cytokines on Sepsis
Sepsis is an overwhelming inflammatory response to infection, resulting in multiple-organ injury. Neutrophils are crucial immune cells involved in innate response to pathogens and their migration and effector functions, such as phagocytosis and neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, are dependent on cytokine presence and their concentration. In the course of sepsis, recruitment and migration of neutrophils to infectious foci gradually becomes impaired, thus leading to loss of a crucial arm of the innate immune response to infection. 
  • 429
  • 04 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Seahorse Male Pregnancy
Seahorses, together with sea dragons and pipefishes, belong to the Syngnathidae family of teleost fishes. Seahorses and other Syngnathidae species have a very peculiar feature: male pregnancy. Among different species, there is a gradation of paternal involvement in carrying for the offspring, from a simple attachment of the eggs to the skin surface, through various degrees of egg coverage by skin flaps, to the internal pregnancy within a brood pouch, which resembles mammalian uterus with the placenta. Because of the gradation of parental involvement and similarities to mammalian pregnancy, seahorses are a great model to study the evolution of pregnancy and the immunologic, metabolic, cellular, and molecular processes of pregnancy and embryo development. Seahorses are also very useful for studying the effects of pollutants and environmental changes on pregnancy, embryo development, and offspring fitness. 
  • 429
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetics in Crop Breeding
Epigenetic regulation has the potential to revolutionize plant breeding and improve crop yields by regulating gene expression in plants. DNA methylation and histone modifications are key epigenetic modifications that can impact plant development, stress responses, productivity, and yields. 
  • 429
  • 11 Aug 2023
Topic Review
List of Cyphophthalmi Species
This page lists all described species of the harvestman suborder Cyphophthalmi. Unless otherwise noted, information is taken from Giribet's 2000 taxonomic catalogue and from Giribet et al., 2012.
  • 427
  • 09 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Anoikis in Brief
Anoikis, a term rooted in the Greek word "anoikos," meaning homelessness. Anoikis is a fundamental process in cellular biology, orchestrating programmed cell death when cells lose their anchorage by detaching from the extracellular matrix (ECM) or surrounding tissue. Beyond its crucial role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, anoikis is deeply intertwined with the complex landscape of cancer biology, metastasis, and tissue regeneration. We embark on a journey through the molecular mechanisms governing anoikis, highlighting its significance in normal physiological processes. However, when it comes to cancer, anoikis dysregulation emerges as a harbinger of disease progression. Cancer cells acquire the ability to evade anoikis, empowering them to navigate the challenges of metastasis by surviving in the bloodstream and colonizing distant organs. They exhibit invasive capabilities, infiltrating neighboring tissues and fueling local tumor expansion. Moreover, this resistance extends to therapeutic interventions, making cancer cells resilient to conventional treatments like chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We also explore the mechanisms behind cancer cells' evasion of anoikis, shedding light on alterations in apoptotic pathways, activation of survival signaling, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and the role of autophagy in promoting survival during detachment. The promising realm of targeting anoikis resistance in cancer treatment is unveiled, with approaches including apoptosis inducers, inhibitors of survival signaling, anti-EMT therapies, and autophagy inhibitors. These strategies hold potential to restore anoikis sensitivity in cancer cells and curb metastasis, offering hope to patients battling this relentless disease. Comprehending anoikis and its dysregulation in cancer is a pivotal step toward developing innovative therapeutic interventions. By targeting anoikis resistance, we aim to improve treatment outcomes, overcome therapy resistance, and ultimately provide renewed hope to cancer patients facing this formidable adversary.
  • 427
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Reproducibility Evaluation of Urinary Peptide Detection Using CE-MS
In recent years, capillary electrophoresis coupled to mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has been increasingly applied in clinical research especially in the context of chronic and age-associated diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, heart failure and cancer. Biomarkers identified using this technique are already used for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of these complex diseases, as well as patient stratification in clinical trials. CE-MS allows for a comprehensive assessment of small molecular weight proteins and peptides (<20 kDa) through the combination of the high resolution and reproducibility of CE and the distinct sensitivity of MS, in a high-throughput system. In this study we assessed CE-MS analytical performance with regards to its inter- and intra-day reproducibility, variability and efficiency in peptide detection, along with a characterization of the urinary peptidome content. To this end, CE-MS performance was evaluated based on 72 measurements of a standard urine sample (60 for inter- and 12 for intra-day assessment) analyzed during the second quarter of 2021. Analysis was performed per run, per peptide, as well as at the level of biomarker panels. The obtained datasets showed high correlation between the different runs, low variation of the ten highest average individual log2 signal intensities (coefficient of variation, CV < 10%) and very low variation of biomarker panels applied (CV close to 1%). The findings of the study support the analytical performance of CE-MS, underlining its value for clinical application.
  • 426
  • 17 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Senescent Cells
Cellular senescence, a state of permanent cell cycle arrest in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli, triggers a series of gradual alterations in structure, metabolism, and function, as well as inflammatory gene expression that nurtures a low-grade proinflammatory milieu in human tissue. A growing body of evidence indicates an accumulation of senescent neurons and blood vessels in response to stress and aging in the retina. Prolonged accumulation of senescent cells and long-term activation of stress signaling responses may lead to multiple chronic diseases, tissue dysfunction, and age-related pathologies by exposing neighboring cells to the heightened pathological senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
  • 425
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
MicroRNAs Regulating VSMC
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation plays a critical role in atherosclerosis. At the beginning of the pathologic process of atherosclerosis, irregular VSMC proliferation promotes plaque formation, but in advanced plaques VSMCs are beneficial, promoting the stability and preventing rupture of the fibrous cap. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) expressed in the vascular system are involved in the control of VSMC proliferation.
  • 424
  • 19 May 2021
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