Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Oncoproteomics Technologies
Proteomics continues to forge significant strides in the discovery of essential biological processes, uncovering valuable information on the identity, global protein abundance, protein modifications, proteoform levels, and signal transduction pathways. Cancer is a complicated and heterogeneous disease, and the onset and progression involve multiple dysregulated proteoforms and their downstream signaling pathways. These are modulated by various factors such as molecular, genetic, tissue, cellular, ethnic/racial, socioeconomic status, environmental, and demographic differences that vary with time. The knowledge of cancer has improved the treatment and clinical management; however, the survival rates have not increased significantly, and cancer remains a major cause of mortality. Oncoproteomics studies help to develop and validate proteomics technologies for routine application in clinical laboratories for (1) diagnostic and prognostic categorization of cancer, (2) real-time monitoring of treatment, (3) assessing drug efficacy and toxicity, (4) therapeutic modulations based on the changes with prognosis and drug resistance, and (5) personalized medication. Investigation of tumor-specific proteomic profiles in conjunction with healthy controls provides crucial information in mechanistic studies on tumorigenesis, metastasis, and drug resistance. 
  • 810
  • 01 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Contractual Governance for Dispute Resolution and Construction Sustainability
Disputes may disturb construction projects and stakeholders, and they may cause tremendous losses that hinder the sustainable development of construction. Therefore, contractual governance is significant in construction projects as a crucial method of dispute management. Dispute structures based on owner-centered (OC), owner- and supervisor-decentralized (OSD) and additional independent representatives (AIRs) are often used. Each kind of governance structures (GSs) can be applied in a specified project.
  • 808
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Approaches for Parkinson’s Disease and Gut Microbiota
The bidirectional interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the Central Nervous System, the so-called gut microbiota brain axis (GMBA), deeply affects brain function and has an important impact on the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), gastrointestinal symptoms often precede the onset of motor and non-motor manifestations, and alterations in the GM composition accompany disease pathogenesis. Several studies have been conducted to unravel the role of dysbiosis and intestinal permeability in PD onset and progression, but the therapeutic and diagnostic applications of GM modifying approaches remain to be fully elucidated. 
  • 808
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Modeling of Old Scars
Severe skin scars (i.e., hypertrophic and keloid) induce physical and emotional discomfort and functional disorders such as contractures and body part deformations. Scar’s response to treatment depends on “maturity”, which increases with time but is not merely proportional to it. When “fresh”, scars are relatively more treatable by conservative methods, while the treatment is only partially efficient. In contrast, surgery is a preferred approach for the older scars, but it is associated with a risk of the scar regrowth and worsening after excision if unrecognized immature scar tissue remains in the operated lesion. Therefore, to develop better treatment and diagnostics of scars, understanding of the scar maturation is essential. This requires biologically accurate experimental models of skin scarring. The current models only mimic the early stages of skin scar development. They are useful for testing new scar-preventing approaches while not addressing the problem of the older scars that exist for years. 
  • 807
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Self-Enhancement and the Medial Prefrontal Cortex
Self-enhancement (SE) refers to the tendency to maintain an often unrealistic, positive view of the self. In order to maintain this tendency, SE creates a false self-perception where one makes judgments about oneself that are ungrounded in reality. Self-enhancement is typically defined as something that occurs continuously, meaning when one produces an unrealistic, positive view of the self, it is maintained for an extended period and extends across all dimensions of cognition, including exaggerating potential success in the future, only acknowledging positive feedback, falsely reporting higher test scores, and overestimating social approval.
  • 807
  • 31 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Gene-Editing Technology of Zebrafish
As a vertebrate model, zebrafish (Danio rerio) plays a vital role in the field of life sciences. Recently, gene-editing technology has become increasingly innovative, significantly promoting scientific research on zebrafish. However, the implementation of these methods in a reasonable and accurate manner to achieve efficient gene-editing remains challenging.
  • 806
  • 08 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Melatonin on Cryopreservation-Induced Oxidative Stress
It is widely accepted that oxidative stress (OS) coming from a wide variety of causes has detrimental effects on male fertility. Antioxidants could have a significant role in the treatment of male infertility, and the systematic research on the role of melatonin to ameliorate OS clearly shows that improvement of semen parameters follows melatonin supplementation.
  • 806
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Regulation of Bone
During evolution, the development of bone was critical for many species to thrive and function in the boundary conditions of Earth. Furthermore, bone also became a storehouse for calcium that could be mobilized for reproductive purposes in mammals and other species. The critical nature of bone for both function and reproductive needs during evolution in the context of the boundary conditions of Earth has led to complex regulatory mechanisms that require integration for optimization of this tissue across the lifespan. Three important regulatory variables include mechanical loading, sex hormones, and innervation/neuroregulation. The importance of mechanical loading has been the target of much research as bone appears to subscribe to the “use it or lose it” paradigm. Furthermore, because of the importance of post-menopausal osteoporosis in the risk for fractures and loss of function, this aspect of bone regulation has also focused research on sex differences in bone regulation. 
  • 806
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Histone Modifiers and p53 in Regulating Gene Expression
Chromatin structure plays a fundamental role in regulating gene expression, with histone modifiers shaping the structure of chromatin by adding or removing chemical changes to histone proteins. The p53 transcription factor controls gene expression, binds target genes, and regulates their activity. While p53 has been extensively studied in cancer research, specifically in relation to fundamental cellular processes, including gene transcription, apoptosis, and cell cycle progression, its association with histone modifiers has received limited attention.  
  • 805
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Shedding Light on the Complex Regulation of FGF23
Early research has suggested a rather straightforward relation between phosphate exposure, increased serum FGF23 (Fibroblast Growth Factor 23) concentrations and clinical endpoints.
  • 800
  • 17 May 2022
Topic Review
Mammalian Extracellular Matrix and Microgravity
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a constituent of all tissues, representing an integrating network that consists of specific and similar attributes. The ECM always includes collagen and noncollagen proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans. The molecular composition of these structures demonstrates a huge diversity determined by the functional needs of a particular tissue. Meanwhile, it is the structural uniformity that ensures the operation of the ECM as a putative gravity detector. It is reasonable to assume that ECM components can act as an extracellular “mechanical sensor”.
  • 800
  • 14 Sep 2022
Topic Review
S-100 Proteins
S100s are a group of calcium-binding proteins which received this name because of their solubility in a 100% saturated solution of ammonium sulphate at neutral pH. All members of the S100 protein family have a similar molecular mass of 10–12 KDa, and they each share 25–65% similarity in their amino acid sequence.
  • 798
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Wet Stormwater Ponds
Stormwater ponds, especially wet stormwater ponds, are a common way to handle stormwater and are used to retain pollutants through sedimentation. The ponds resemble small natural lakes and will be colonized by flora and fauna.
  • 796
  • 10 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Animal Models of Arthritis
This entry explores several animal models utilized in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) research. Streptococcal Cell Wall-Induced Arthritis (SCWIA) closely resembles human RA and reveals insights into the pathogenicity of bacterial cell wall components. Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) replicates RA in clinical and immunological aspects, with a focus on B cell involvement. Collagen Antibody-Induced Arthritis (CAIA) offers a rapid model for understanding antibody-mediated mechanisms. Proteoglycan-Induced Arthritis (PGIA) in BALB/c mice mimics human RA, providing genetic and immunological insights unique to this model. Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis (AIA) mirrors RA's clinical and serological aspects, albeit with variability in disease intensity. Pristane-Induced Arthritis (PIA) highlights the role of environmental triggers in chronic inflammation. Collectively, these models advance our comprehension of RA, facilitating research into its pathogenesis, immune responses, and potential therapies.
  • 796
  • 08 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Functional Nanomaterials in Visualization of Cardiovascular Injury
Acute myocardial infarction is a major global health problem, and the repair of damaged myocardium is still a major challenge. Myocardial injury triggers an inflammatory response: immune cells infiltrate into the myocardium while activating myofibroblasts and vascular endothelial cells, promoting tissue repair and scar formation. Fragments released by cardiomyocytes become endogenous “danger signals”, which are recognized by cardiac pattern recognition receptors, activate resident cardiac immune cells, release thrombin factors and inflammatory mediators, and trigger severe inflammatory responses. Inflammatory signaling plays an important role in the dilation and fibrosis remodeling of the infarcted heart, and is a key event driving the pathogenesis of post-infarct heart failure. At present, there is no effective way to reverse the inflammatory microenvironment in injured myocardium, so it is urgent to find new therapeutic and diagnostic strategies. Nanomedicine, the application of nanoparticles for the prevention, treatment, and imaging of disease, has produced a number of promising applications. 
  • 795
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Histone H3K4me3 Distribution
Background: Different diets result in significantly different phenotypes through metabolic and genomic reprogramming. Epigenetic marks, identified in humans and mouse models through caloric restriction, a high-fat diet or the intake of specific bioactives, suggest that genomic reprogramming drives this metabolic reprogramming and mediates the effect of nutrition on health. Histone modifications encode the epigenetic signal, which adapts genome functions to environmental conditions, including diets, by tuning the structure and properties of chromatin. To date, the effect of different diets on the genome-wide distribution of critical histone marks has not been determined. Methods: Using chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, we investigated the distribution of the trimethylation of lysine 4 of histone H3 in the liver of mice fed for one year with five different diets, including: chow containing yellow corn powder as an extra source of plant bioactives or specifically enriched with cyanidin-3-O-Glucoside, high-fat-enriched obesogenic diets, and caloric-restricted pro-longevity diets. Conclusions: Comparison of the resulting histone mark profiles revealed that functional food containing cyanidin determines a broad effect. 
  • 794
  • 29 Jun 2021
Topic Review
The Relationship between Vitamin D and Estrogens
Vitamin D has a potential role of regulating many cellular functions. The totality of vitamin D transport depends on the activity of vitamin D binding protein (DBP) and albumin in a measure of 85% and 15%, respectively. Vitamin D is found in the free circulating form in percentages ranging from 0.01% to 3%. Both DBP and albumin are synthesized by the liver, and their production is regulated by estrogens, glucocorticoids, and inflammatory cytokines.
  • 794
  • 11 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Tumour-Associated Carbohydrates as Cancer Targets
Glycans are essential players involved in the interaction between cells and the microenvironment, making them ideal targets for the development of new therapies against infections and cancer. Since they modulate membrane receptor affinities, immune recognition, protein-protein interactions, and cell signaling, among others, glycans have been shown to play a relevant role in normal and malignant cell behaviour. Therefore, the alteration of the glycophenotype derived from malignant transformation is one of the adaptive mechanisms that provides tumour cells with growth advantages over normal cells, selected in order to circumvent the control mechanisms of the tissue microenvironment and ensure tumour survival.
  • 792
  • 11 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Upper Motor Neuron Disorders
Following the exclusion of potentially reversible causes, the differential for those patients presenting with a predominant upper motor neuron syndrome includes primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP), or upper motor neuron dominant ALS (UMNdALS). Differentiation of these disorders in the early phases of disease remains challenging. While no single clinical or diagnostic tests is specific, there are several developing biomarkers and neuroimaging technologies which may help distinguish PLS from HSP and UMNdALS. Recent consensus diagnostic criteria and use of evolving technologies will allow more precise delineation of PLS from other upper motor neuron disorders and aid in the targeting of potentially disease-modifying therapeutics. 
  • 791
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetic Mechanisms in Hematologic Aging and Premalignant Conditions
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are essential for maintaining overall health by continuously generating blood cells throughout an individual’s lifespan. However, as individuals age, the hematopoietic system undergoes significant functional decline, rendering them more susceptible to age-related diseases. Growing research evidence has highlighted the critical role of epigenetic regulation in this age-associated decline. 
  • 790
  • 19 Jan 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 48
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback