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Topic Review
Multiple Document Interface
A multiple document interface (MDI) is a graphical user interface in which multiple windows reside under a single parent window. Such systems often allow child windows to embed other windows inside them as well, creating complex nested hierarchies. This contrasts with single document interfaces (SDI) where all windows are independent of each other.
  • 553
  • 25 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Hangul (Obsolete Unicode Block)
Hangul, Hangul Supplementary-A, and Hangul Supplementary-B were character blocks that existed in Unicode 1.0 and 1.1, and ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993. These blocks encoded precomposed modern Hangul syllables. These three Unicode 1.x blocks were deleted and superseded by the new Hangul Syllables block (U+AC00–U+D7AF) in Unicode 2.0 (July 1996) and ISO/IEC 10646-1:1993 Amd. 5 (1998), and are now occupied by CJK Unified Ideographs Extension A and Yijing Hexagram Symbols. Moving or removing existing characters has been prohibited by the Unicode Stability Policy for all versions following Unicode 2.0, so the Hangul Syllables block introduced in Unicode 2.0 is immutable.
  • 550
  • 08 Nov 2022
Biography
Michael Voskoglou
Michael Gr. Voskoglou received his B.Sc. in Mathematics (1972, Excellent) from the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece, his M.Sc. in Pure Mathematics (1978) and M.Phil.  in Algebra (1980) from the University of Leeds, UK and his Ph.D. (1982, Excellent) from the University of Patras, Greece. His Ph.D. thesis entitled “A Contribution to the Study of Rings” was a research study on
  • 550
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium
The Nepal Risk Reduction Consortium (NRRC) was launched by the Government of Nepal (GoN) and a group of international organizations working to promote the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) in 2009. It exists to bridge the spectrum of development and humanitarian partners in order to support the Government of Nepal in taking action to implement long-term Disaster risk reduction (DRR). The founding members of the NRRC were the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the International Federation of the Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), the UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) and the World Bank. Since 2009, new NRRC members have included AusAid, the Department for International Development (DFID), the Humanitarian Aid Department of the European Commission (ECHO), the embassy of Japan, the US Embassy and the World Health Organization (WHO). The NRRC has developed a Disaster Risk Reduction Action Plan that builds on the GoN National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management (NSDRM). Based on consultations with key stakeholders to identify disaster risk reduction priorities that are urgent and viable, five flagship areas were identified and proposed. Consortium members act as coordinators of these flagship areas together with the relevant Government Ministry. Location: P.O. Box 107 Kathmandu, Nepal
  • 550
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Flexible Unit Systems Update System
Research on flexible unit systems (FUS) with the context of descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive analysis have remarkably progressed in recent times, and is now reinforced in the current Industry 4.0 era with the increased focus on the integration of distributed and digitalized systems.
  • 547
  • 21 Mar 2021
Topic Review
LPWAN Key Exchange
The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the fastest emerging technologies in the industry. It includes diverse applications with different requirements to provide services to users. Secure, low-powered, and long-range transmissions are some of the most vital requirements in developing IoT applications. IoT uses several communication technologies to fulfill transmission requirements. However, Low Powered Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) transmission standards have been gaining attention because of their exceptional low-powered and long-distance transmission capabilities. The features of LPWAN transmission standards make them a perfect candidate for IoT applications. However, the current LPWAN standards lack state-of-the-art security mechanisms because of the limitations of the IoT devices in energy and computational capacity. Most of the LPWAN standards, such as Sigfox, NB-IoT, and Weightless, use static keys for node authentication and encryption. LoRaWAN is the only LPWAN technology providing session key mechanisms for better security. However, the session key mechanism is vulnerable to replay attacks.
  • 547
  • 22 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Differentiable Vector-Valued Functions from Euclidean Space
In the mathematical discipline of functional analysis, a differentiable vector-valued function from Euclidean space is a differentiable function valued in a topological vector space (TVS) whose domains is a subset of some finite-dimensional Euclidean space. It is possible to generalize the notion of derivative to functions whose domain and codomain are subsets of arbitrary topological vector spaces (TVSs) in multiple ways. But when the domain of a TVS-valued function is a subset of a finite-dimensional Euclidean space then many of these notions become logically equivalent resulting in a much more limited number of generalizations of the derivative and additionally, differentiability is also more well-behaved compared to the general case. This article presents the theory of [math]\displaystyle{ k }[/math]-times continuously differentiable functions on an open subset [math]\displaystyle{ \Omega }[/math] of Euclidean space [math]\displaystyle{ \R^n }[/math] ([math]\displaystyle{ 1 \leq n \lt \infty }[/math]), which is an important special case of differentiation between arbitrary TVSs. This importance stems partially from the fact that every finite-dimensional vector subspace of a Hausdorff topological vector space is TVS isomorphic to Euclidean space [math]\displaystyle{ \R^n }[/math] so that, for example, this special case can be applied to any function whose domain is an arbitrary Hausdorff TVS by restricting it to finite-dimensional vector subspaces. All vector spaces will be assumed to be over the field [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{F}, }[/math] where [math]\displaystyle{ \mathbb{F} }[/math] is either the real numbers [math]\displaystyle{ \R }[/math] or the complex numbers [math]\displaystyle{ \Complex. }[/math]
  • 547
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
How Not to Be Wrong
How Not to Be Wrong: The Power of Mathematical Thinking, written by Jordan Ellenberg, is a New York Times Best Selling book that connects various economic and societal philosophies with basic mathematics and statistical principles.
  • 547
  • 09 Nov 2022
Biography
Bashir Rameyev
Bashir Iskandarovich Rameyev (Russian: Баши́р Исканда́рович Раме́ев; 1 May 1918 – 16 May 1994) was a Soviet inventor and scientist, one of the founders of Soviet computing, author of 23 patents,[1] including the first patent in the field of electronic computers officially registered in the USSR—a patent for the Automatic Electronic Digital Machine (1948).[2] Rame
  • 546
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Data Storage and Retrieval Using IPFS and Blockchain
Blockchain technology has been successfully applied in recent years to promote the immutability, traceability, and authenticity of previously collected and stored data. However, the amount of data stored in the blockchain is usually limited for economic and technological issues. Namely, the blockchain usually stores only a fingerprint of data, such as the hash of data, while full, raw information is stored off-chain. This is generally enough to guarantee immutability and traceability, but misses to support another important property, that is, data availability. This is particularly true when a traditional, centralized database is chosen for off-chain storage. For this reason, many proposals try to properly combine blockchain with decentralized IPFS storage. However, the storage of data on IPFS could pose some privacy problems. This entry proposes a solution that properly combines blockchain, IPFS, and encryption techniques to guarantee immutability, traceability, availability, and data privacy.
  • 546
  • 26 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Buddhist Studies
Buddhist studies, also known as Buddhology (although the latter term is sometimes reserved for the study of Buddhas rather than that of Buddhism as a whole), is the academic study of Buddhism. The term applies especially to the modern academic field, which is a subset of religious studies, and is distinct from Buddhist philosophy or Buddhist theology. Scholars of Buddhist studies represent a variety of disciplines including history, anthropology, and philosophy. In contrast to the study of Judaism or Christianity, the field of Buddhist studies has been dominated by "outsiders" to Buddhist cultures and traditions. However, Japan ese universities have also made major contributions, as have Asian immigrants to Western countries, and Western converts to Buddhism.
  • 542
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Force4
Force4 is a development system and framework for the rapid development of rich Internet applications for the connection of databases to different presentation technologies. It integrates the creation and reverse engineering of database models, the creation of the necessary objects and access classes and the composing of Rich Internet Applications.
  • 541
  • 20 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Tarbell Course in Magic
The Tarbell Course in Magic is a notable encyclopedia of magic amongst professional and amateur magicians. It has eight volumes; the first five were part of the original home-study correspondence course compiled in 1928 by Dr. Harlan Tarbell, the remaining three volumes being added on later. This magic volume series was originally designed as a correspondence course for budding magicians. Once they were collected and bound, the series has become an unparalleled reference standard for magicians. In its impact on the magic world, it is second perhaps in its influence on the art of magic only to Hoffman's Modern Magic, and many professional magicians have based their careers on the Tarbell Course.
  • 541
  • 21 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Hattendorf's Theorem
Hattendorff's Theorem, attributed to K. Hattendorff (1868), is a theorem in actuarial science that describes the allocation of the variance or risk of the loss random variable over the lifetime of an actuarial reserve. In other words, Hattendorff's theorem demonstrates that the variation in the present value of the loss of an issued insurance policy can be allocated to the future years during which the insured is still alive. This, in turn, facilitates the management of risk prevalent in such insurance contracts over short periods of time.
  • 539
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Atari Assembler Editor
Atari Assembler Editor (sometimes written as Atari Assembler/Editor) is a ROM cartridge-based development system released by Atari, Inc. in 1981. It is used to edit, assemble, and debug 6502 programs for the Atari 8-bit family of home computers. It was programmed by Kathleen O'Brien of Shepardson Microsystems, the company which wrote Atari BASIC, and Assembler Editor shares many design concepts with that language. Assembly times are slow, making the cartridge challenging to use for larger programs. In the manual, Atari recommended the Assembler Editor as a tool for writing subroutines to speed up Atari BASIC, which would be much smaller than full applications. The Atari Macro Assembler was offered as an alternative with better performance and more features, such as macros, but it was disk-based, copy-protected, and did not include an editor or debugger. Despite the recommendation, commercial software was written using the Assembler Editor, such as the games Eastern Front (1941), Caverns of Mars, Galahad and the Holy Grail, and Kid Grid. The source code to the original Assembler Editor was licensed to Optimized Systems Software who shipped EASMD based on it.
  • 539
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Visi On
VisiCorp Visi On was a short-lived but influential graphical user interface-based operating environment program for IBM compatible personal computers running MS-DOS. Although Visi On was never popular, as it had steep minimum system requirements for its day, it was a major influence on the later development of Microsoft Windows.
  • 538
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Medical Expenditure Panel Survey
{{Multiple issues| The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) is a family of surveys intended to provide nationally representative estimates of health expenditure, utilization, payment sources, health status, and health insurance coverage among the noninstitutionalized, nonmilitary population of the United States . This series of government-produced data sets can be used to examine how individuals interact with the medical care system in the United States. MEPS is administered by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) in three components: the core Household Component, the Insurance/Employer Component, and the Medical Provider Component. Only the Household Component is available for download on the Internet. These components provide comprehensive national estimates of health care use and payment by individuals, families, and any other demographic group of interest.
  • 537
  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Feit–Thompson Theorem
In mathematics, the Feit–Thompson theorem, or odd order theorem, states that every finite group of odd order is solvable. It was proved by Walter Feit and John Griggs Thompson (1962, 1963).
  • 537
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
BitFAT
DriveSpace (initially known as DoubleSpace) is a disk compression utility supplied with MS-DOS starting from version 6.0 in 1993 and ending in 2000 with the release of Windows Me. The purpose of DriveSpace is to increase the amount of data the user could store on disks by transparently compressing and decompressing data on-the-fly. It is primarily intended for use with hard drives, but use for floppy disks is also supported. This feature was removed in Windows XP and later.
  • 536
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
ThinkServer
The ThinkServer product line began with the TS100 from Lenovo. The server was developed under agreement with IBM, by which Lenovo would produce single-socket and dual-socket servers based on IBM's xSeries technology. An additional feature of the server design was a support package aimed at small businesses. The focus of this support package was to provide small businesses with software tools to ease the process of server management and reduce dependence on IT support. The tools developed for this support package included: Lenovo's ThinkServer naming conventions reflect whether the server is a tower server or a rack server. First letter "T" is used to indicate tower servers, while "R" is used for rack servers, and "S" is storage rack server. Similarly, secondary letter "S" indicates single socket, while "D" indicates dual-socket. The ThinkServer family has been discontinued in 2019, and the new family of Intel servers is named ThinkSystem.
  • 535
  • 11 Nov 2022
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