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Topic Review
COVID-19 and Migrant/Refugee Health
Against a background where the world has witnessed the largest numbers of migrants in history, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has stretched the capacities of countries and of aid, health and relief organizations, from global to local levels, to meet the human rights and pressing needs of migrants and refugees for access to health care and to public health measures needed to protect them from the pandemic. 
  • 745
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Endometriosis Application for a Quicker Diagnosis
Endometriosis is a disease in which uterine tissue grows outside the uterus. It can cause chronic pain and infertility in patients. Mobile health (mHealth), the practice of medicine from mobile devices, is being utilized across the healthcare field for screening, diagnostics, and treatment. MHealth is widely used in the field of OB/GYN. 
  • 743
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Telepractice Training in Clinical Education
With an increasing demand for telepractice services, the need for telepractice education is more important than ever. In addition to learning how to deliver these services, certain clinical and technological skills learned through telepractice apply more broadly to in-person care. Evaluating students’ abilities to master these skills is necessary to ensure clinical skill competence.
  • 742
  • 15 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Augmented Reality in Neurosurgery
Augmented reality (AR) involves the overlay of computer-generated images onto the user’s real-world visual field to modify or enhance the user’s visual experience. With respect to neurosurgery, AR integrates preoperative and intraoperative imaging data to create an enriched surgical experience that has been shown to improve surgical planning, refine neuronavigation, and reduce operation time. In addition, AR has the potential to serve as a valuable training tool for neurosurgeons in a way that minimizes patient risk while facilitating comprehensive training opportunities.
  • 742
  • 09 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lasers and Desensitizing Agents in Dentinal Hypersensitivity Therapy
Lasers represent a means of treating dentin hypersensitivity, used alone and/or in conjunction with specific products for the treatment of such a pathology. The selected articles that examined diode lasers were divided according to the wattage (w) used: low-level laser therapy protocols, i.e., those using a wattage of less than 1 W, and high-level laser therapy protocols, i.e., those using a wattage of 1 W or more. Laser therapy was found to be effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. However, the level of effectiveness depends on the laser used. Both the Nd: YAG laser and the diode laser (high and low power) are effective in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. However, the high-power laser appears to be more effective in combination with fluoride varnish and the Nd: YAG laser achieved greater long-term benefits than the diode laser.
  • 740
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 through Wastewater
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was detected in Wuhan, China. The clinical manifestation of COVID-19 varies from asymptomatic to severe infection.
  • 739
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Microbiological Laboratory Diagnosis of Human Brucellosis
Brucella spp. are Gram-negative, non-motile, non-spore-forming, slow-growing, facultative intracellular bacteria causing brucellosis. Brucellosis is an endemic of specific geographic areas and, although underreported, represents the most common zoonotic infection, with an annual global incidence of 500,000 cases among humans. 
  • 739
  • 25 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Physical Activity Measurement Methodologies
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a preventable threat to livelihood and longevity in the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) and insufficient physical activity (PA) is a primary cause of NCDs.
  • 737
  • 04 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sleep and Nutrition Interactions
Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition. Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervous system and metabolic cost of the waking state and has an integral role in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity, all of which can impact both athletic recovery and performance.
  • 735
  • 23 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Immune Responses against SARS-CoV-2—Questions and Experiences
Understanding immune reactivity against SARS-CoV-2 is essential for coping with the COVID-19 pandemic. Herein, we discuss experiences and open questions about the complex immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. Some people react excellently without experiencing any clinical symptoms, they do not get sick, and they do not pass the virus on to anyone else (“sterilizing” immunity). Others produce antibodies, develop memory T cells, and do not get COVID-19 but transmit the virus to others (“protective” immunity). Some people get sick but recover. A varying percentage develops respiratory failure, systemic symptoms, clotting disorders, cytokine storms, or multi-organ failure; they subsequently decease. Some develop long COVID, a new, controversioal pathologic entity similar to fatigue syndrome or autoimmunity. In reality, COVID-19 is considered more of a systemic immune–vascular disease than a pulmonic disease, involving many tissues and the central nervous system. To fully comprehend the complex clinical manifestations, a profound understanding of the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 is a good way to improve clinical management of COVID-19. Although neutralizing antibodies are an established approach to recognize an immune status, cellular immunity plays at least an equivalent or an even more important role. However, reliable methods to estimate the SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell capacity are not available for clinical routines. This deficit is important because an unknown percentage of people may exist with good memory T cell responsibility but a low number of or completely lacking peripheral antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Apart from natural immune responses, vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 turned out to be very effective and much safer than naturally acquired immunity. Nevertheless, besides unwanted side effects of the currently available vector and mRNA preparations, concerns remain whether these vaccines will be strong enough to defeat the pandemic. Altogether, discussing important questions, and try to give answers based on the current knowledge and preliminary data from our laboratories. 
  • 734
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Usage of Telerehabilitation
Telerehabilitation is an alternative platform of telecommunication-based practice that could provide alternatives in delivering health education and care for clients or individuals either in clinical, community or home care settings.
  • 734
  • 26 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Remotely-Based Pulmonary Rehabilitation
Despite numerous benefits, traditional Pulmonary Rehabilitation (PR) as a resource remains underutilized in chronic lung disease. Less than 3% of eligible candidates for PR attend one or more sessions after hospitalization due to many barriers, including the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging alternative models of PR delivery such as home-based PR, tele-rehabilitation, web-based PR, or hybrid models could help address these barriers. Numerous studies have tested the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of these methods, but there is wide variability across studies and methods. We conducted a literature review to help determine if these alternative delivery methods watered down the effectiveness of PR. 
  • 733
  • 13 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nutrition Support
Nutrition support refers to the administration of nutrients to individuals who are unable to maintain adequate nutrition through normal food intake. This support is crucial in both clinical and non-clinical settings and may be provided through oral, enteral, or parenteral routes, depending on the patient's condition. The goal is to provide essential macronutrients and micronutrients, promote recovery, and improve or maintain the quality of life. Nutrition support may be indicated for conditions such as severe malnutrition, dysphagia, or illnesses that affect the body’s ability to absorb or utilize nutrients.
  • 733
  • 07 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Eye-Tracking-Based Trail-Making Test to Detect Cognitive Impairment
The growing number of people with cognitive impairment will significantly increase healthcare demand. Screening tools are crucial for detecting cognitive impairment due to a shortage of mental health experts aiming to improve the quality of life for those living with this condition. Eye tracking is a powerful tool that can provide deeper insights into human behavior and inner cognitive processes. The proposed Eye-Tracking-Based Trail-Making Test, ETMT, is a screening tool for monitoring a person’s cognitive function.
  • 730
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Post-Concussion Syndrome—Epidemiology and Diagnosis Criteria
Head injuries, mild traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) in particular, are a significant concern due to their potential to create long-term health consequences, such as post-concussion syndrome (PCS) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE). PCS is a sequela of mild TBI, with a prevalence rate of 29–90% among patients who have suffered a head injury.
  • 728
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Therapy for Patients with Hereditary Angioedema during Pregnancy
Hereditary angioedema (HAE) is a rare, inherited disease caused by a deficiency (HAE-1) or lack of functional (HAE-2) C1 inhibitor protein. The symptoms present with mucocutaneous swelling of various organ systems, such as the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems, which can manifest as stridor and abdominal pain, respectively. HAE can present with increased frequency and severity of attacks during the pregnancy and lactation period. This is thought to be due to hormonal changes, which may trigger HAE attacks. The management of this condition in pregnant and lactating patients can be challenging for providers due to disease rarity and the lack of data regarding the management of this specific population. 
  • 727
  • 18 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Strategies for the Appropriateness of Medication Use
The evidence on the effectiveness of strategies and tools to promote and improve medication appropriateness and their sustainability largely derives from local and heterogeneous experiences with contrasting results. As a general framework, three main steps should be considered in implementing measures to improve the appropriateness of medications: prescription, acceptance by the patient, and continuous monitoring of adherence and the risk-benefit profile. Each step needs efforts from specific actors (physicians, patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals) and dedicated supporting tools. Moreover, how to support the appropriateness also strictly depends on the particular care setting (hospital, ambulatory or primary care, nursing home, long-term care) and available economic resources. 
  • 726
  • 23 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Cancers: Costs in Relation to Disability-Adjusted Life Years
Cancer represents a major health issue, concerning both the clinical burden (in terms of morbidity and mortality) and the consequent economic implications. With regard to the latter, Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are often used to measure the burden of disease since they are a compound unit encompassing both disability and mortality, but substantial heterogeneity occurs when they are translated to monetary value. Each DALY due to cancer has shown to cost, on average, around 9000 USD in high- and upper-middle income countries, although this computation can be strongly influenced by fluctuations depending on cancer type and other parameters (e.g., country, prices). Moreover, the cost per cancer-related DALY has been found to be, on average, 32% (95% CI: 24–42%) of the corresponding countries’ gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, which implies that the use of a priori established parameters, such as GDP or the value of a statistical life (VSL), might lead to presenting rough estimates highly different (even threefold) from what emerges a posteriori, after directly retrieving figures and/or building models out of available data.
  • 724
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Population Immunity
Herd immunity is a population condition where the pathogen dispersion between the community members is difficult or impossible because when an infected individual appears, the individuals surrounding her/him are immune against the pathogen, so they do not get infected and do not transmit the pathogen to other susceptible individuals. 
  • 723
  • 20 Apr 2023
Topic Review
COVID and Gender in Asia-Pacific Region
The COVID-19 pandemic has been the largest infectious disease epidemic to affect the human race since the great influenza pandemic of 1918-19 and is close to approaching the number of deaths from the earlier epidemic. The data on COVID-19 shows that the rate of clinical cases is about 10% greater in females than males in Asia. The number of deaths is greater in males than in females. Women are more likely to experience the psychological effects of COVID-19 during and after acute infections.
  • 719
  • 28 Dec 2022
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