Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Moringa oleifera Supplementation in Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
The Moringa tree is highly prized for its nutritional and medicinal properties. Almost all parts of the tree are used for industrial, medicinal and nutritional purposes.
  • 2.8K
  • 25 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Fused Filament Printing Process
Additive manufacturing technologies are used in various high-tech industries. Additive methods for the production of prostheses, implants and other products of complex geometric shapes made of polymer materials are being actively studied and introduced. A large number of studies are associated with the use of polylactide (PLA), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyamides and other biocompatible materials when printing using fused filament/granular fabrication (FFF/FGF).
  • 2.8K
  • 01 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Friends of Science
Friends of Science (FoS) is a non-profit advocacy organization based in Calgary, Alberta, Canada. The organization rejects the established scientific conclusion that humans are largely responsible for the currently observed global warming. Rather, they propose that "the Sun is the main direct and indirect driver of climate change," not human activity. They argued against the Kyoto Protocol. The society was founded in 2002 and launched its website in October of that year. They are largely funded by the fossil fuel industry. Madhav Khandekar, Chris de Freitas, Tim Patterson and Sallie Baliunas act or acted as advisers to the Friends of Science with their work cited in Friends' publications. Douglas Leahey has been president since December, 2009.
  • 2.8K
  • 23 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Grain Number per Panicle
Rice grain yield is a complex trait determined by three components: panicle number, grain number per panicle (GNPP) and grain weight. GNPP is the major contributor to grain yield and is crucial for its improvement. GNPP is determined by a series of physiological and biochemical steps, including inflorescence development, formation of rachis branches such as primary rachis branches and secondary rachis branches, and spikelet specialisation (lateral and terminal spikelets).
  • 2.8K
  • 06 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Bisindole Alkaloids from Alstonia Species
Bisindoles are structurally complex dimers and are intriguing targets for partial and total synthesis. They exhibit stronger biological activity than their corresponding monomeric units. Bisindole alkaloids are naturally occurring alkaloids containing two indole nuclei and are the products of late-stage biosynthetic processes in higher plants by combining two monomeric units. Depending on the monomeric units involved, bisindoles can be a homo- or heterodimer. As a result, bisindole alkaloids comprise much higher structural complexity than both of the monomeric units that comprise them. Alstonia, a major genus in the Apocynaceae family of plants, has more than 150 species and is found all over the world. Robert Brown named it in 1811 in honor of Charles Alston (1685–1760), an eminent botanist at the University of Edinburgh. The Alstonia genus’ trees and shrubs are prevalent in the tropical and subtropical parts of Africa, Asia, and Australia. They contribute significant pharmacological activity, including anticancer, antileishmanial, antimalarial, antitussive, antiviral, antiarthritic, and antibacterial activities. 
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Eugene Garfield’s Ideas and Legacy
Eugene Garfield introduced information systems that made the discovery of scientific information much more efficient. The founded by him Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) developed innovative information products and provided current scientific information to researchers all over the world. Garfield introduced the citation as a qualitative measure of academic impact and propelled the concepts of “citation indexing” and “citation linking”, paving the way for today’s search engines. He created the Science Citation Index (SCI), which provided a new way of retrieving, organizing, disseminating, and using scientific information; triggered the development of new disciplines (scientometrics, infometrics, webometrics); and became the foundation for building important new information products. The Journal Impact Factor, initially established to select journals for the SCI, became the most widely accepted tool for measuring academic impact. Garfield actively promoted English as the international language of science and became a powerful force in the globalization of research. His ideas revolutionized science and dramatically influenced the culture of research. This Encyclopedia entry is based on the following article:  Baykoucheva, S. Eugene Garfield’s Ideas and Legacy and Their Impact on the Culture of Research. Publications 2019, 7, 43.    
  • 2.8K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Almond Allergens
Tree nuts are considered an important food in healthy diets. However, for part of the world’s population, they are one of the most common sources of food allergens causing acute allergic reactions that can become life-threatening. They are part of the Big Eight food groups which are responsible for more than 90% of food allergy cases in the United States, and within this group, almond allergies are persistent and normally severe and life-threatening. Almond is generally consumed raw, toasted or as an integral part of other foods. Its dietary consumption is generally associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases. Several almond proteins have been recognized as allergens. Six of them, namely Pru du 3, Pru du 4, Pru du 5, Pru du 6, Pru du 8 and Pru du 10, have been included in the WHO-IUIS list of allergens. Nevertheless, further studies are needed in relation to the accurate characterization of the already known almond allergens or putative ones and in relation to the IgE-binding properties of these allergens to avoid misidentifications.
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
"Home Improvement" Cast
Patricia Richardson, who played Jill Taylor, Tim’s wife, was a vital part of the "Home Improvement" cast. Her role as the grounded, supportive wife provided a counterbalance to Tim’s often over-the-top antics. Richardson’s portrayal of Jill was both relatable and endearing, showcasing her ability to blend humor with heartfelt emotion. Her character was pivotal in grounding the show’s more exaggerated elements, and her performance was instrumental in the show’s critical and commercial success.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Applications of Social Robotics
Social robots are being proposed in telepresence, medicine, education, entertainment, assistance, and other domains. Benefiting from their information acquisition and processing, and actuation capacities, social robots are conceived to either replace or assist humans in daily social interaction contexts.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Environmental Performance Index
The Environmental Performance Index (EPI) developed by Yale University is regarded as an all-inclusive proxy to examine the country’s environmental conditions. Ozturk et al. also argued that CO2 emissions only cover a small part of the total environmental pollution. The recently revised EPI of 2020 comprises 32 performance indicators across 11 issue categories. It ranks countries under two domains, environmental health and ecosystem vitality, which demonstrate the environmental pollution impacts on human health and also the effects that ensue on the ecosystem through environmental pollution. The Environmental Health Index (HLT) measures the quality of air, water, and exposure to heavy metals. The Ecosystem Vitality Index (ECO) considers issues such as climate change and biodiversity. 
  • 2.8K
  • 16 Sep 2021
Topic Review
VAX-11
The VAX-11 is a discontinued family of superminicomputers developed and manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC). They were first announced in 1977, and were the first computers to implement the Virtual Address eXtension (VAX) instruction set architecture (ISA). The VAX-11 processors also supported the user mode PDP-11 instruction set for backwards compatibility (thus the -11 in VAX-11). They were discontinued in 1988, having been supplanted by the MicroVAX family on the low end, and the VAX 8000 family on the high end. It is historically one of the most successful and studied computers in history.
  • 2.8K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Convolutional Neural Network in Histopathology
Deep learning (DL) and convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have achieved state-of-the-art performance in many medical image analysis tasks. Histopathological images contain valuable information that can be used to diagnose diseases and create treatment plans. Therefore, the application of DL for the classification of histological images is a rapidly expanding field of research.
  • 2.8K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Whole-Brain Models
Whole-brain models are sets of equations that describe the dynamics and interactions between neural populations in different brain regions. Most whole-brain models are built considering three basic elements: brain parcellation, anatomical connectivity matrix, and local dynamics.
  • 2.8K
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
PTMs Role During Virus Infection
Viruses are opportunistic intracellular pathogens that are dependent on the host for their replication. They hijack host cellular machinery for their replication and survival by targeting crucial cellular physiological pathways, including transcription, translation, immune pathways, and apoptosis. Immediately after translation, the host and viral proteins undergo a process called post-translational modification (PTM). PTMs of proteins involves the attachment of small proteins, carbohydrates/lipids, or chemical groups to the proteins and are crucial for protein's functioning. During viral infection, host proteins utilize PTMs to control the virus replication, using strategies like activating immune response pathways, inhibiting viral protein synthesis, and ultimately eliminating the virus from the host. PTM of viral proteins increases solubility, enhances antigenicity and virulence properties. However, RNA viruses are devoid of enzymes capable of introducing PTMs to their proteins. Hence, they utilize the host PTM machinery to promote their survival. Proteins from viruses belonging to the family: Togaviridae, Flaviviridae, Retroviridae, and Coronaviridae such as chikungunya, dengue, zika, HIV, and coronavirus are a few well-known to be modified. This review discusses various host and virus-mediated PTMs that play a role in the outcome during the infection.
  • 2.8K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
TERT Promoter Mutations in Gliomas
Telomere length maintenance systems perform an essential function in preserving genome stability. Abnormalities in the functioning of these systems, such as telomerase reactivation, usually play a key role in the course of oncogenesis.TERTp mutations are not found in ordinary human cells, but are often associated with malignant tumor progression and increased cell proliferation in CNS tumor diseases, especially in gliomas. The availability of molecular evaluation of the TERTp mutational status of CNS tumor lesions contributes to more accurate and reliable diagnosis and timely decisions regarding patient follow-up with selection of the most appropriate and applicable treatment protocols.
  • 2.8K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Unlicensed Massive Machine Type Communications
Machine-type communications (MTC) is a non-human centric concept introduced under the umbrella of IoT for the future communications technology, 5G, which can support a high number of connectivity in the network and can provide different quality of services.
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Gut-Brain-Microbiota Axis
The brain-gut-microbiota axis is a bidirectional system enabling gut microorgan-isms to communicate with the central nervous system (CNS), and the CNS with the gut . The mechanisms of signal transmission are complex and not fully understood, but include neural, endocrine, immune and metabolic pathways.
  • 2.8K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Software Defined Networking
Software Defined Networking(SDN)has recently received much attention to address some of the enduring networking challenges. SDN’s concept is based on ideas of generalization network hardware and decoupling the network controls software from the implementation devices . SDN is a new intelligent architecture for network programmability. SDN’s main idea is to separate the control plane from the network devices, enabling the data control from a central and external software entity called an SDN controller. The Open Networking Foundation (ONF) is a non-profit consortium dedicated to the development, standardization, and commercialization of SDN for the transport and IP network layer.
  • 2.8K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT)
Photodynamic inactivation is known as a new antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). It is based on the administration of a photosensitizer located in the bacterial/viral cell followed by exposure to light radiations (with a proper wavelength corresponding with the maximum value of absorption of the photosensitizer) that generate singlet oxygen or reactive oxygen species, which lead to the death of different microorganisms. This review will present an overview beyond the state-of-the-art of the photosensitizer types (based on tetra-p-sulphonated-phenyl porphyrin—TSPP, which is able to form cationic and J-aggregates forms at different pH values ((1–4) and concentrations around 10−5 M) and their applications of PDT for viruses, especially. 
  • 2.8K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hard and Semi-Hard Cheeses Preservation
Cheese is a dairy product with potential health benefits. Cheese consumption has increased due to the significant diversity of varieties, versatility of product presentation, and changes in consumers’ lifestyles. Spoilage of hard and semi-hard cheeses can be promoted by their maturation period and/or by their long shelf-life. Therefore, preservation studies play a fundamental role in maintaining and/or increasing their shelf-life, and are of significant importance for the dairy sector.
  • 2.8K
  • 14 Oct 2021
  • Page
  • of
  • 2861
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Write an Entry
Feedback