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Topic Review
Resveratrol in Relation to Cardiometabolic Risk and Disease
Resveratrol (RSV) is a phenolic compound with strong antioxidant activity, which is generally associated with the beneficial effects of wine on human health. All resveratrol-mediated benefits exerted on different systems and pathophysiological conditions are possible through resveratrol’s interactions with different biological targets, along with its involvement in several key cellular pathways affecting cardiometabolic (CM) health. With regard to its role in oxidative stress, RSV exerts its antioxidant activity not only as a free radical scavenger but also by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and regulating redox genes, nitric oxide bioavailability and mitochondrial function. RSV effects are mediated by changes in sphingolipids, a class of biolipids emerging as critical determinants of CM risk and disease. 
  • 680
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Telemedicine and Emerging Trends in Heart Failure Management
Heart failure is a cardiovascular condition, leading to fatigue, breathlessness, and fluid retention. It affects around 56 million people globally and is a leading cause of hospitalization and mortality. Its prevalence is rising due to aging populations and lifestyle factors. Managing heart failure demands a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing medications, lifestyle modifications, and often medical devices or surgeries. The treatment burden is substantial, impacting patients’ daily lives and straining healthcare systems. Improving early detection, novel therapies, and patient education are crucial for alleviating the burden and enhancing the quality of life. There are notable advancements in the field of heart failure treatment and prevention. 
  • 680
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
AngiomiRs in Cancer
Angiogenesis is the process of new blood vessel formation through the migration, growth, and differentiation of endothelial cells.
  • 679
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Heart Failure in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Patients with heart failure (HF) and associated chronic kidney disease (CKD) are a population less represented in clinical trials; additionally, subjects with more severe estimated glomerular filtration rate reduction are often excluded from large studies. In this setting, most of the data come from post hoc analyses and retrospective studies. Accordingly, in patients with advanced CKD, there are no specific studies evaluating the long-term effects of the traditional drugs commonly administered in HF. 
  • 677
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Morphofunctional Characteristics of Individuals with ERP
Based on electrocardiographic (ECG), electrophysiological, epicardial, and non-invasive electroanatomical mapping studies, the inferior and/or lateral part of the left ventricle (LV) is involved in individuals with early repolarization pattern (ERP) . In  Brugada syndrome (BrS), which is also a form of J-wave syndrome, structural changes were described in the outflow tract of the right ventricle (mild fibrosis, decreased connexin-43 expression, increased collagen content, or fibro-adipose infiltration), while wall motion abnormalities and mild dilatation have been noted in imaging studies. These structural changes are more frequently observed in patients who have died of sudden cardiac death (SCD). It is reasonable to assume that morphological changes, presumably similar to BrS, are also present in individuals with ERP, in myocardial regions involved in pathomechanism.
  • 676
  • 17 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Physiological Mechanisms of Incretins
Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial process characterized by forming fibrofatty lesions within the arterial wall and is considered the leading cause of death worldwide. Improvement in treatment and prevention is crucial, especially in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), a clinical syndrome expected to affect 783.2 million people by 2045. Therefore, the treatment guidelines for T2D patients recommend a patient-tailored approach based on lifestyle modifications and the choice of optimal therapeutic option. An ideal anti-diabetic drug should have the following characteristics: significant impact on weight and cardiovascular comorbidities, low risk of hypoglycemia and adverse events, and, last but not least, low costs. Even if no optimal medication exists, incretins represent one of the most attractive and promising options. The “incretin effect” indicates the amplification of pancreatic insulin secretion induced by these gastrointestinal tract-released hormones.
  • 676
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Endothelin System: Morphofunctional Considerations
Acute heart failure (AHF) is a life-threatening condition with high morbidity and mortality. Even though this pathology has been extensively researched, there are still challenges in establishing an accurate and early diagnosis, determining the long- and short-term prognosis and choosing a targeted therapeutic strategy. The use of reliable biomarkers to support clinical judgment has been shown to improve the management of AHF patients. Despite a large pool of interesting candidate biomarkers, endothelin-1 (ET-1) appears to be involved in multiple aspects of AHF pathogenesis that include neurohormonal activation, cardiac remodeling, endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, atherosclerosis and alteration of the renal function.
  • 676
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Effects of Apelins
In-hospital mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is 5–6%. Consequently, it is necessary to develop fundamentally novel drugs capable of reducing mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Apelins could be the prototype for such drugs. Chronic administration of apelins mitigates adverse myocardial remodeling in animals with myocardial infarction or pressure overload. The cardioprotective effect of apelins is accompanied by blockage of the MPT pore, GSK-3β, and the activation of PI3-kinase, Akt, ERK1/2, NO-synthase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, matrix metalloproteinase, the epidermal growth factor receptor, Src kinase, the mitoKATP channel, guanylyl cyclase, phospholipase C, protein kinase C, the Na+/H+ exchanger, and the Na+/Ca2+ exchanger. The cardioprotective effect of apelins is associated with the inhibition of apoptosis and ferroptosis.
  • 673
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease Complicating COVID-19
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Its incidence increases sharply with age, and the elderly bear a disproportionate burden of CVD morbidity and mortality. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory distress syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has also caused significant mortality, specifically amongst the elderly, who are the most likely patient population to be hospitalized and die from the infection. Pre-existing CVD is a known risk factor for poor outcome in Covid-19 patients and, in our efforts to preserve life, attention must be paid to the adverse impact of the virus on the cardiovascular system. The emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 pathogenic variants with greater transmissibility is prolonging the pandemic and sustaining the threat to life and health. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the CVD-Covid-19 interaction can lead to improved treatment and reduced sequelae in the midst of this global health crisis.
  • 671
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Coronary Artery Calcium Score and COVID-19 Prognosis
Coronary artery calcium score can aid in stratifying patients, thus allowing earlier interventions in rapidly developing illnesses.
  • 671
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Inflammation and Peripheral Artery Disease
Classical risk factors play a major role in the initiation and development of atherosclerosis. Efforts have been made to identify biomarkers that indicate ongoing atherosclerosis. Among important circulating biomarkers associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are inflammatory markers which are determined by the expression of different genes and epigenetic processes. Among these proinflammatory molecules, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, several adhesion molecules, CD40 ligand, osteoprotegerin and others are associated with the presence and progression of PAD.
  • 671
  • 01 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Aortic Stiffness as a Risk Factor for Multimorbidity
Multimorbidity, the coexistence of multiple health conditions in an individual, has emerged as one of the greatest challenges facing health services, and this crisis is partly driven by the aging population. Aging is associated with increased aortic stiffness (AoStiff), which in turn is linked with several morbidities frequently affecting and having disastrous consequences for the elderly. These include hypertension, ischemic heart disease, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, anemia, ischemic stroke, and dementia. Two or more of these disorders (multimorbidity) often coexist in the same elderly patient and the specific multimorbidity pattern depends on several factors including sex, ethnicity, common morbidity routes, morbidity interactions, and genomics.
  • 671
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Effects of Major Hypolipidemic Drugs on Platelet Function
Growing evidence supports the view that statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, inclisiran, and icosapent ethyl also act as antithrombotics. The main effect of antidyslipidemic agents is mainly related to the reduction in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels (which are causally related to atherosclerosis) and triglycerides. Some studies suggested a potential role of these drugs also on platelet function. In particular, by interacting with specific platelet receptors, they reduce adhesion, aggregation, degranulation, in-flammation, vasoconstriction, and oxidative stress.
  • 670
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Prediabetes and Microcirculation
Prediabetes is a significant metabolic status since there is high potential for future progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). People with prediabetes are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Endothelial and microvascular dysfunction is considered a key step towards the development and progression of CVD. The term microcirculation refers to the circulation in vessels with diameter <150 μm, including the small arteries and veins, as well as the capillaries. The main function of microcirculation is to ensure the provision of nutrients and oxygen to tissues. It also regulates hydrostatic pressure at the level of capillaries and blood flow, and consequently, it helps in the regulation of blood pressure through the increase of peripheral resistance.
  • 669
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Etiopathogenesis of Takotsubo Syndrome
Broken Heart Syndrome, also known as Takotsubo Syndrome (TS), is sudden and transient dysfunction of the left and/or right ventricle which often mimics Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS).
  • 666
  • 17 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Lipoprotein(a) as a Marker of Cardiovascular Health Risk
Lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] is made up of apoprotein(a) [apo(a)] and LDL-like particle. The proportion of Lp(a) in each individual is genetically determined and is only minimally modifiable by environment or diet. Lp(a) has important pro-atherosclerotic and pro-inflammatory effects. For these reasons, high Lp(a) values are an important independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic valve stenosis. Numerous studies have been performed in adults about the pathophysiology and epidemiology of Lp(a), much less information is available regarding Lp(a) in children and adolescents. Gaining information on these points is particularly important for deciding whether Lp(a) assay may be useful for defining the cardiovascular risk in children, in order to plan a prevention program early.
  • 666
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Metabolic Syndrome and Atrial Fibrillation
Obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia are all clusters of an entity called “Metabolic Syndrome”. The global trends of this syndrome’s incidence/prevalence continue to increase reciprocally, converting it into a massive epidemic problem in the medical community.
  • 665
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Influence of Vitamin D Levels on Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a severe and most common supraventricular arrhythmia in humans, which, if left untreated or treated ineffectively, can lead to ischemic stroke or heart failure. It has been suggested that serum vitamin D (VitD) deficiency may be one of the critical factors influencing the onset of AF, especially in the period after cardiac surgery, such as coronary artery bypass grafting. Several papers have indicated that VitD supplementation reduces the risk of AF, significantly reducing the proportion of patients between the control and study groups in both the pre- and postoperative periods. Factors that increase the risk of AF from VitD deficiency are also further indicated, and these are age, gender, weight, season or comorbidities.
  • 664
  • 21 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenol Effects on Cardiovascular Disease
Several studies have demonstrated that polyphenol-enriched diets may have beneficial effects against the development of cardiovascular disease. This activity is exerted by multiple mechanisms, mainly described in in vitro studies. However, long-term studies on humans provided controversial results, making the prediction of polyphenol impact on health uncertain. This entry provides an overview and critical analysis of the literature related to the effects of the principal dietary polyphenols on cardiovascular disorders. We critically considered randomized controlled clinical trials involving subjects taking polyphenol-based supplements for at least two weeks.  Although pharmacological doses of polyphenols are likely to beneficially affect several CVD hallmarks, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, further studies aiming to fully characterize polyphenols pharmacokinetics and safety are necessary to unravel their potential preventive role in real life.
  • 660
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
State-of-the-Art Evaluation of Left Main Coronary Artery Disease
Due to its anatomical features, patients with an obstruction of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) have an increased risk of death. Knowing the unfavorable prognosis of untreated LMCAD, precise evaluation of atherosclerotic plaque is essential in further management. 
  • 660
  • 31 Oct 2022
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