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Topic Review
Mast Cells against Fungal Host Defense
Mast cells take part in host defense against various microorganisms as they are numerous at the portal of infection, exert several essential mechanisms of pathogen destruction, and they express pattern recognition receptors. MCs can support immune responses to fungi and their specific constituents through initiated degranulation, synthesis and release of cytokines, chemokines, mediators, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as well as immune cells' recruitment, phagocytosis, or formation of extracellular DNA traps. 
  • 640
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cell Therapy in AML
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy that is often associated with relapse and drug resistance after standard chemotherapy or targeted therapy, particularly in older patients. Hematopoietic stem cell transplants are looked upon as the ultimate salvage option with curative intent. Adoptive cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has shown promise in B cell malignancies and is being investigated in AML.
  • 637
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Lymphatic Clearance of Immune Cells in Cardiovascular Disease
The lymphatic vasculature is a vital component of the cardiovascular system, consisting of a blind-ended, highly permeable vascular network, integral in maintaining tissue homeostasis, regulation of interstitial fluid, lipid absorption, fluid drainage, and immune cell trafficking. Its role in immune cell transport is critical in the initiation of the immune response, especially following injury. This is of particular importance in the heart, where the lymphatic vasculature plays a vital role in myocardial healing following cardiac injury. By promoting cell egress or exit from the heart, the lymphatic systems favour cell clearance by way of reduction of the immune cell load in damaged tissue.
  • 635
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Involvement of Immune Cells in CC Immunosuppressive TIME
Cervical cancer (CC) is a major health problem in women of childbearing age. The immune response plays a crucial role in detecting and preventing the development of CC. However, factors such as age, prior or repeated human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, changes in the microbiota of the reproductive tract, and lifestyle choices can lead to immune dysregulation and increase the risk of CC. One of the critical components of the TIME is tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are altered in CC and can contribute to tumor growth. 
  • 635
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Adaptive Immunity and Diabetic Retinopathy
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently one of the common causes of vision loss in working-age adults. It is clinically diagnosed and classified according to the vascular changes in the fundus. The activation of immune cells occurs before these vascular changes become detectable. These, together with molecular studies and the positive clinical outcomes of anti-inflammatory treatment, highlight the pivotal involvement of the immune system. The role of innate immunity in DR pathophysiology has been studied in depth, but the contribution of adaptive immunity remains largely elusive.
  • 632
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Allergic Airway Disease
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as promising candidates for the treatment of various diseases, especially allergic diseases, as they have the capacity to differentiate into various cells. MSCs itself has several limitations such as risk of aneuploidy, difficulty in handling, immune rejection, tumorigenicity, so interest in the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from MSCs is increasing and many studies have been reported. Previous studies have shown that extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by MSCs is as effective as the MSCs themselves in suppression of allergic airway inflammation through the suppression of Th2 cytokine production and induction of regulatory T cells (Treg) expansion. EVs is one of the substances secreted by paracrine induction from MSCs, and because it exerts its effect by delivering contents such as mRNA, microRNA, and protein to the receptor cell, it can reduce the problems or risks related to stem cell therapy.
  • 631
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Lectins as Toxins from Marine Animals
Due to their remarkable structural diversity, glycans play important roles as recognition molecules on cell surfaces of living organisms. Carbohydrates exist in numerous isomeric forms and can adopt diverse structures through various branching patterns. Despite their relatively small molecular weights, they exhibit extensive structural diversity. On the other hand, lectins, also known as carbohydrate-binding proteins, not only recognize and bind to the diverse structures of glycans but also induce various biological reactions based on structural differences. Initially discovered as hemagglutinins in plant seeds, lectins have been found to play significant roles in cell recognition processes in higher vertebrates. 
  • 631
  • 13 Jul 2023
Topic Review
The Purinergic Landscape of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Lung cancer (LC) is the most prevalent cancer worldwide, with an estimated 2.1 million new cases and 1.8 million related deaths annually. More than 70% of LC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%, whereas the survival rate for patients with early-stage disease ranges from 50 to 70%. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine are components of the tumor microenvironment (TME). Extracellular ATP (eATP) promotes tumor growth but also immune-mediated tumor eradication, mainly via the well-documented purinergic P2RX7 receptor. Adenosine, on the other hand, is generated from eATP via the ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 and is an immunosuppressant that acts at the A2A receptor (A2AR) level.
  • 629
  • 22 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Single-Cell Transcriptomics of Mtb/HIV Co-Infection
Tuberculosis (TB) and Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection continues to pose a significant healthcare burden. HIV co-infection during TB predisposes the host to the reactivation of latent TB infection (LTBI), worsening disease conditions and mortality. There is a lack of biomarkers of LTBI reactivation and/or immune-related transcriptional signatures to distinguish active TB from LTBI and predict TB reactivation upon HIV co-infection. Characterizing individual cells using next-generation sequencing-based technologies has facilitated novel biological discoveries about infectious diseases, including TB and HIV pathogenesis.
  • 628
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Anti-Viral Pattern Recognition Receptors
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) play a central role in the inflammation that ensues following microbial infection by their recognition of molecular patterns present in invading microorganisms but also following tissue damage by recognising molecules released during disease states. Such receptors are expressed in a variety of cells and in various compartments of these cells. PRR binding of molecular patterns results in an intracellular signalling cascade and the eventual activation of transcription factors and the release of cytokines, chemokines, and vasoactive molecules. PRRs and their accessory molecules are subject to tight regulation in these cells so as to not overreact or react in unnecessary circumstances. They are also key to reacting to infection and in stimulating the immune system when needed. Therefore, targeting PRRs offers a potential therapeutic approach for chronic inflammatory disease, infections and as vaccine adjuvants. The current knowledge on anti-viral PRRs and their signalling pathways is reviewed. Finally, compounds that target PRRs and that have been tested in clinical trials for chronic infections and as adjuvants in vaccine trials are discussed. 
  • 624
  • 19 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Organophosphate-Pesticide-Mediated Immune Response Modulation
Organophosphate pesticides (OPs) have greatly facilitated food production worldwide, and their use is not limited to agriculture and the control of pests and disease vectors. However, these substances can directly affect the immune response of non-target organisms. In this sense, exposure to OPs can have negative effects on innate and adaptive immunity, promoting deregulation in humoral and cellular processes such as phagocytosis, cytokine expression, antibody production, cell proliferation, and differentiation, which are crucial mechanisms for host defense against external agents. It found that there is an important gap in the study of non-target organisms, examples of which are echinoderms and chondrichthyans. It is therefore important to increase the number of studies on other species directly or indirectly affected by Ops, to assess the degree of impact at the individual level and how this affects higher levels, such as populations and ecosystems.
  • 621
  • 15 May 2023
Topic Review
L-Arginine Metabolism in Cancer
L-Arginine plays a crucial role in detoxification of ammonia—a protein breakdown product acts as a secretagogue and serves as a substrate for the synthesis of NO, an important signaling molecule that regulates vascular tone and cytotoxic functions of macrophages. L-Arg is also a precursor in the synthesis of L-ornithine and agmatine, creatine and polyamines. Metabolism of L-Arg is involved in immune cell regulation. It is now clear that L-Arg metabolism is engaged in the pathogenesis of tumor growth, inflammation, infectious diseases, and fibrotic processes, as well as physiological immunodeficiencies in newborns and pregnant women. 
  • 621
  • 21 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Immunogenic Cell Death by Radiation
Ionizing radiation (IR) is used to treat 50% of cancers. While the cytotoxic effects related to DNA damage with IR have been known since the early 20th century, the role of the immune system in the treatment response is still yet to be fully determined. IR can induce immunogenic cell death (ICD), which activates innate and adaptive immunity against the cancer.
  • 620
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Role of Macrophage lncRNAs in Mediating Inflammatory Processes
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are molecules >200 bases in length without protein-coding functions implicated in signal transduction and gene expression regulation via interaction with proteins or RNAs, exhibiting various functions. The expression of lncRNAs has been detected in many cell types, including macrophages, a type of immune cell involved in acute and chronic inflammation, removal of dead or damaged cells, and tissue repair. Increasing evidence indicates that lncRNAs play essential roles in macrophage functions and disease development.
  • 618
  • 17 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cytotoxic Immune Cell Dysfunction in Leukemia
Leukemia is a malignancy of the bone marrow and blood resulting from the abnormal differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). There are four main types of leukemia including acute myeloid leukemia (AML), acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While chemotherapy and radiation have been conventional forms of treatment for leukemia, these therapies increase infection susceptibility, adverse side effects and immune cell inactivation. Immunotherapies are becoming promising treatment options for leukemia, with targeted therapies opening the door to a variety of options that maximize cancer cell neutralization and minimize off-target host tissue damage. In order to generate efficacious targeted therapies, it is crucial to pinpoint specific immune cell populations that are impaired to reverse this exhaustion.
  • 616
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oxazolone-Induced Colitis in Brief
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) represents a complex and debilitating group of disorders that include Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Understanding the pathogenesis and developing effective treatments for IBD necessitate reliable experimental models. Oxazolone-induced colitis is one such model that has contributed significantly to our understanding of mucosal immune responses and potential therapeutic interventions. This research explores the utility of the oxazolone-induced colitis model, covering its induction methods, histopathological features, immune responses, and applications in drug development. While this model offers valuable insights into IBD, it also presents certain limitations that must be considered. By providing an in-depth analysis of oxazolone-induced colitis, this research highlights its significance in advancing IBD research and the quest for improved therapies.
  • 616
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Helios in the Immune System
The Helios protein (encoded by the IKZF2 gene) is a member of the Ikaros transcription family and it has recently been proposed as a promising biomarker for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease progression in both mouse models and patients. Helios is beginning to be studied extensively for its influence on the T regulatory (Treg) compartment, both CD4+ Tregs and KIR+/Ly49+ CD8+ Tregs, with alterations to the number and function of these cells correlated to the autoimmune phenomenon.
  • 614
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 Specific T Cell Epitopes
The COVID-19 pandemic has caused extensive loss of lives and economic hardship. In response, infectious disease experts and vaccine developers promptly responded by bringing forth candidate vaccines, some of which have been listed in the World Health Organization’s Emergency Use Listing.  Differences in the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) in variation of the T cell epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations left room for improvement of the vaccines.
  • 612
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Outer Membrane Vesicles as Biomedical Tools
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are lipid-membrane-bounded nanoparticles that are released from Gram-negative bacteria via vesiculation of the outer membrane. OMVs have several characteristics that enable them to be promising candidates for immune modulation against pathogens, such as their ability to induce the host immune responses given their resemblance to the parental bacterial cell.
  • 609
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing in Immunomodulatory Genes
The interaction between the tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment is facilitated by signaling pathways driven by immunomodulatory proteins. Alternative splicing regulates the production of multiple immunomodulatory proteins with diverse functionality from a single mRNA transcript. Splicing factors are pivotal in modulating alternative splicing processes but are also subject to regulation. The dysregulation of alternative splicing may result from splicing factor (SF) abnormal expression levels and mutations in the cis and trans-acting elements and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules. Aberrant splicing may generate abnormal mRNA transcripts encoding isoforms with altered functions that contribute to tumorigenesis or cancer progression.
  • 608
  • 30 Aug 2023
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