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Topic Review
Low-Energy Diet in the Treatment of Psoriasis
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease. Immunological, genetic, and environmental factors, including diet, play a part in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Metabolic syndrome or its components are frequent co-morbidities in persons with psoriasis. A change of eating habits can improve the quality of life of patients by relieving skin lesions and by reducing the risk of other diseases. A low-energy diet is recommended for patients with excess body weight. Persons suffering from psoriasis should limit the intake of saturated fatty acids and replace them with polyunsaturated fatty acids from the omega-3 family, which have an anti-inflammatory effect. In diet therapy for persons with psoriasis, the introduction of antioxidants such as vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, flavonoids, and selenium is extremely important. Vitamin D supplementation is also recommended.
  • 757
  • 14 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for COVID‐19
More than one year into the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare systems across the world continue to be overwhelmed with soaring daily cases. The treatment spectrum primarily includes ventilation support augmented with repurposed drugs and/or convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) from recovered COVID-19 patients. CPT is a promising COVID-19 therapeutic option that merits internationally coordinated RCTs to achieve a scientific risk-benefit consensus. 
  • 756
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Head and Neck Carcinoma
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted all public life and the global economy. Since its discovery, the disease has spread rapidly, which led to an unprecedented public health crisis and the adoption of extreme measures to limit community and hospital spread. As a result of a confluence of extraordinary circumstances caused by this pandemic, the doctrines of treatment for patients with head and neck carcinoma had to be reanalyzed, guaranteeing the well-being of both patients and health professionals as well as society itself. 
  • 755
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Reminiscence Therapy
Reminiscence therapy (RT) consists of thinking about one’s own experiences through the presentation of memory-facilitating stimuli, and it has as its fundamental axis the activation of emotions. An innovative way of offering RT involves the use of technology-assisted applications, which must also satisfy the needs of the user.
  • 754
  • 20 May 2022
Topic Review
Microelement Composition of Reindeer Meat and Adaptation
The unique nutrition of the Arctic Indigenous Peoples is associated with their increased endurance, health, and adaptability to the harsh climate. Reindeer meat, blood, and liver are the most critical elements of this traditional nutrition enriched with minerals. Reindeer consumption is a crucial factor of successful adaptation to the cold stress, as well as a component of national culture, food, and economic security and sovereignty, affecting the well-being and health of the Indigenous population in the Arctic.
  • 753
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Sex Disparity in Cancer
Sex- and/or gender-associated differences in cancer incidence, prognosis, response to therapy and, eventually, survival have been fully reported with epidemiological data that show, with few exceptions, a general female advantage.
  • 752
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Health Policies Based on Patient Satisfaction
Healthcare decision-makers increasingly face a changing and ever-evolving landscape, forcing them to formulate public policies based on the results from different scientific investigations. This entry evaluates the field of research on patient satisfaction as a basis for health policies. The analysis was carried out with a sample of 621 articles published between 2000 and 2020 in the Scopus database.
  • 750
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Psychosis in Women
Early detection and prompt treatment of psychosis is of the utmost importance. The great variability in clinical onset, illness course, and response to pharmacological and psychosocial treatment is in great part gender-related.
  • 750
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Management of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by symptoms of inflammation and pain in the joints. RA is estimated to have a worldwide prevalence of 0.5–1%, with a predominance in females. 
  • 748
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
MPM Nodal Status: Where are We at?
Due to the lack of both prospective trial and high-volume retrospective studies, the management of clinical N+ malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients remain highly debated. Node positive patients show poor survival compared with node-negative ones; thus, lymph node staging appears crucial in determining treatment strategy. Notwithstanding the improvement in pre-treatment staging and the update on lymph node classification in the 8th edition of TNM, several open controversies remain on N parameter. How should people stage suspected N+ patients? How should people treat node positive patients?  Which is the definition of “resectable patient”?  Is the site or the number the main prognostic factor for node positive patients?  The aim of the entry is to analyse the existing relevant literature on lymph node status in MPM.
  • 748
  • 09 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Human behaviour affected by COVID-19 lockdown
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a severe acute respiratory syndrome which is caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. Many governments around the world implemented a ‘lockdown’ strategy to manage and attempt to lower the number of new COVID-19 infections. There was a blanket prohibition on all mass gatherings, regardless of their nature. Numerous other restrictions were also imposed, including but not limited to the closure of public spaces such as restaurants, playgrounds and parks, and shopping centers, as well as an implementation of distance learning, mandatory quarantine for travelers entering the country, and limitations on the number of people that were allowed to go out from each household. 
  • 748
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Mathematical Background of 5D model of the aorta
Visualization is crucial for the display and understanding of medical image data. For diagnostic and surgical planning, radiologists and surgeons must be able to evaluate the data appropriately. Many imaging systems’ data can incorporate both functional and structural information, resulting in 4D datasets. When the image contains spectral information, it can be extended to 5D in some circumstances. Overall, 5D imaging reveals more information than 4D imaging.
  • 747
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Air Pollution and Polluting Particles
Air pollution is a real public health problem, it being one of the five most common causes of mortality in developing countries. Pollution is universally widespread, already a matter of public interest, so that, although intuitive, it is difficult to connect the two. The particles found in the air that researchers breathe, regardless of their origin, can attack the body in different ways, causing inflammation, and triggering a true cascade of phenomena that end up attacking the central nervous system and other organs.
  • 747
  • 29 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Infection Control against Candidaauris in Healthcare Facilities
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast with high mortality rate, especially in patients with underlying co-morbidities. It has been known to contaminate the environment and colonize human skin for prolonged periods in healthcare settings leading to difficult-to-control outbreaks. However, there is limited literature on the efficacy of different disinfectants/antiseptics, which can effectively decontaminate the environment and decolonize patients to prevent the spread of C. auris.
  • 747
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
HRQOL in Oral Cancer Patients
The scope of the present entry was to highlight possible sources of bias that could be encountered when evaluating HRQOL (Health-Related Quality of Life) in patients treated for oral cancer. The second aim was to lay the foundation of a standardized protocol for cohort selection, data collection, and stratification that could enhance knowledge in the field.
  • 746
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Unawareness of Chronic Kidney Disease in Germany
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, end stage renal disease and mortality. Main risk factors for CKD are diabetes, hypertension, and older age. Although CKD prevalence is about 10%, awareness for CKD is generally low in patients and physicians, hindering early diagnosis and treatment. We analyzed baseline data of 3305 participants with CKD Stages 1–4 from German cohorts and registries collected in 2010. Prevalence of CKD unawareness and prevalence ratios (PR) (each with 95%-confidence intervals) were estimated in categories of age, sex, CKD stages, BMI, hypertension, diabetes and other relevant comorbidities. We used a log-binomial regression model to estimate the PR for CKD unawareness for females compared to males adjusting for CKD stage and CKD risk factors. CKD unawareness was high, reaching 71% (68–73%) in CKD 3a, 49% (45–54%) in CKD 3b and still 30% (24–36%) in CKD4. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular comorbidities was not associated with lower CKD unawareness. Independent of CKD stage and other risk factors unawareness was higher in female patients (PR = 1.06 (1.01; 1.10)). Even in patients with CKD related comorbidities, CKD unawareness was high. Female sex was strongly associated with CKD unawareness. Guideline oriented treatment of patients at higher risk for CKD could increase CKD awareness. Patient–physician communication about CKD might be amendable. 
  • 745
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Centers: review
A mass vaccination center is a location, normally used for nonhealthcare activities, set up for high-volume and high-speed vaccinations during infectious disease emergencies.
  • 744
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Prevention of Heat-Related Illnesses
Extreme temperatures are known to have negative consequences on the environment and the ecosystem. Already more frequent and intense heat waves are likely to increase in the future due to a projected 0.1–0.2-degree Celsius rise in temperature by 2100. Extreme heat can lead to a spectrum of health-related conditions that range from mild to severe and include, but are not limited to, heat dehydration, cramps, exhaustion syncope and stroke; these are referred to as heat-related illnesses (HRIs).
  • 744
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Biomarkers Guide Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury
The definition of acute kidney injury (AKI), despite improvements in criteria, continues to be based on the level of serum creatinine and urinary output that do not specifically indicate tubular function or injury, or glomerular function or injury that is not significant enough to warrant acute hospitalization of the patient. Finding novel biomarkers of AKI has become a major focus nowadays in nephrology to overcome the further complications of end stage renal disease (ESRD). Many compounds, such as KIM 1, IL 18, NGAL, uromodulin, calprotectin, vanin 1, galactin 3, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), urinary Na+/H+ exchanger isoform 3 (NHE3), retinol binding protein (RBP) and Cystatin C, are released from the renal tubules and thus any alterations in tubular function can be detected by measuring these parameters in urine. Additionally, glomerular injury can be detected by measuring immunoglobulin G, nephrin, podocalyxin, podocin, transferrin, netrin-1, pyruvate kinase M2, etc. in urine. These novel biomarkers will be useful for timing the initial insult and assessing the duration of AKI. 
  • 744
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Anti-Cancer Therapy
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified and characterized in both hematopoietic and solid tumors. Many studies showed that CSCs can be identified and isolated by their expression of specific cell markers, such as ALDH, Nanog, Sox2, OCT3/4. The significance of CSCs with respect to tumor biology and anti-cancer treatment lies in their ability to maintain quiescence with very slow proliferation, indefinite self-renewal, differentiation, and trans-differentiation such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET). The ability for detachment, migration, extra- and intravasation, invasion and thereby of completing all necessary steps of the metastatic cascade highlights their significance for metastasis. In addition, CSCs comprise the cancer cell populations responsible for tumor growth and cancer metastasis, resistance to anticancer therapies.
  • 743
  • 17 May 2023
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