Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
EV miRNAs Modulate Inflammation
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA), extracellular vesicles (EVs) are associated with both the propagation and attenuation of joint inflammation and destruction. However, the specific EV content responsible for these processes is largely unknown. Investigations into identifying EV content are confounded by the challenges in obtaining high-quality EV preparations from synovial fluid. Implementing a size exclusion chromatography-based method of EV isolation, coupled with small RNA sequencing, we accurately characterised EV miRNAs in synovial fluid obtained from RA patients and investigated the differences between joints with high- and low-grade inflammation. 
  • 371
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
T Cell Immune Checkpoint Molecules in HIV
T cell exhaustion is a condition of cell dysfunction despite antigen engagement, characterized by augmented surface expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and negatively impact the proliferative and effector activities of T cells. T cell function is tightly modulated by cellular glucose metabolism, which produces adequate energy to support a robust reaction when battling pathogen infection. The transition of the T cells from an active to an exhausted state following pathogen persistence involves a drastic change in metabolic activity. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a human pathogen that attacks the immune system by targeting CD4+ T lymphocytes. HIV infection can result in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), a fatal stage at which the host immune system collapses and becomes vulnerable to many types of opportunistic infections.
  • 371
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
STING Agonists/Antagonists
The cGAS STING pathway has received much attention in recent years, and it has been recognized as an important component of the innate immune response. Since the discovery of STING and that of cGAS, many observations based on preclinical models suggest that the faulty regulation of this pathway is involved in many type I IFN autoinflammatory disorders. 
  • 370
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Immunogenic Cell Death Role in Urothelial Cancer Therapy
Bladder cancer is the 13th most common cause of cancer death with the highest lifetime cost for treatment of all cancers. The role of a novel therapeutic approach called immunogenic cell death (ICD) in urothelial cancer of the bladder is clarified.
  • 368
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Cancer: Mechanisms of Dysfunction
Natural killer cells (NK) are innate lymphocytes endowed with the ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. Consequently, adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic NK cells represents a novel opportunity in cancer treatment that is under clinical investigation. However, cancer renders NK cells dysfunctional, thus restraining the efficacy of cell-based therapies.
  • 366
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Interactions between Pathogenic Virus and Vertebrate Host
Basic models of the interactions between a pathogenic virus and vertebrate animal host are described. The interactions at the population level are described by a predatory-prey model, a common approach in the ecological sciences, and depend on births and deaths within each population. This ecological perspective is complemented by models at the genetical level, which includes the dynamics of gene frequencies and the mechanisms of evolution. There are varieties of viruses that depend on the cells of a vertebrate host. These virus types may be classified according to their genetic material, such as whether their genetic package is composed of the nucleic acid DNA or RNA. 
  • 363
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Immune Checkpoints as Marker for Cancer Diagnosis
Immune checkpoint-based treatment increases the hope among the cancer patients and especially those who did not respond to more established treatments. Currently, the surface markers, programmed death-1 (PD-1) and CTLA-4 are well known for their function in the immune system, as well as their role in cancer as theranostic applications. PD-1 and CTLA-4 are two major checkpoints approved by the FDA for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Similarly, other checkpoints, including TIM-3, BTLA, and LAG-3, are under active investigation as potential biomarkers for cancer theranostics. These immune checkpoints can be detected on tumor cells and in the tumor microenvironment (TME) through traditional tissue biopsies and IHC as well as via biosensors. Although these biomarkers are potentially for the detection of cancer, the developmental status of biosensors designed to detect these immune checkpoint markers is still at an early stage.
  • 363
  • 13 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Outer Membrane Vesicles as Biomedical Tools
Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are lipid-membrane-bounded nanoparticles that are released from Gram-negative bacteria via vesiculation of the outer membrane. OMVs have several characteristics that enable them to be promising candidates for immune modulation against pathogens, such as their ability to induce the host immune responses given their resemblance to the parental bacterial cell.
  • 362
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Toll-Like Receptors in Brief
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pivotal components of the innate immune system, acting as vigilant sentinels that detect microbial threats and orchestrate immune responses. This research navigates the intricate world of TLRs, commencing with their discovery, evolutionary significance, and structural attributes. 
  • 362
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CD28 Family Receptors and B7 Family of Ligands
The CD28 family receptors include the CD28, ICOS (inducible co-stimulator), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) molecules. They characterize a group of molecules similar to immunoglobulins that control the immune response through modulating T-cell activity. Among the family members, CD28 and ICOS act as enhancers of T-cell activity, while three others—BTLA, CTLA-4, and PD-1—function as suppressors. The receptors of the CD28 family interact with the B7 family of ligands. The cooperation between these molecules is essential for controlling the course of the adaptive response, but it also significantly impacts the development of immune-related diseases. 
  • 357
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
RKIP Pleiotropic Activities in Cancer and Inflammatory Diseases
Several gene products play pivotal roles in the induction of inflammation and the progression of cancer. The Raf kinase inhibitory protein (RKIP) is a cytosolic protein that exerts pleiotropic activities in such conditions, and thus regulates oncogenesis and immune-mediated diseases through its deregulation.
  • 356
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells in Melanoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the outcome of metastatic melanoma patients. Although immune checkpoints were developed based on the biology of adaptive T cells, they have subsequently been shown to be expressed by other subsets of immune cells. Similarly, the immunomodulatory properties of targeted therapy have been studied primarily with respect to T lymphocytes, but other subsets of immune cells could be affected. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are considered the innate counterpart of T lymphocytes and include cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as three helper subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. Thanks to their tissue distribution and their ability to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli, ILCs play a central role in shaping immunity.
  • 355
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Modulating T Cell Responses by Targeting CD3
The CD3-T cell receptor (TCR) is the canonical receptor complex on T cells. It provides the “first signal” that initiates T cell activation and determines the specificity of the immune response. The TCR confers the binding specificity whilst the CD3 subunits facilitate signal transduction necessary for T cell activation. While the mechanisms through which antigen sensing and signal transduction occur in the CD3–TCR complex are still under debate, revelations regarding the intricate 3D structure of the CD3–TCR complex might open the possibility of modulating its activity by designing targeted drugs and tools, including aptamers.
  • 354
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Component of the Hepatic Tumor Microenvironment
Organ microenvironments are irrefutable modules enabling the proliferation of cancer cells to organ systems exterior to the primary tumor. The hepatic tumor immune microenvironment constitutes cellular and non-cellular components including a complex mixture of immune cells.
  • 352
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Regulatory T Cells in Celiac Disease Treatment
Celiac disease (CeD) is a T-cell-mediated immune disease, in which gluten-derived peptides activate lamina propria effector CD4+ T cells. While this effector T cell subset produces proinflammatory cytokines, which cause substantial tissue injury in vivo, additional subsets of T cells exist with regulatory functions (Treg). These subsets include CD4+ type 1 regulatory T cells (Tr1) and CD4+ CD25+ T cells expressing the master transcription factor forkhead box P3 (Foxp3) that may have important implications in disease pathogenesis, as well as for the development of new therapeutic strategies for CeD patients.
  • 349
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
The Molecular Mechanisms of Complement Receptor 1
Human complement receptor 1 (CR1) is a membrane-bound regulator of complement that has been the subject of attempts to generate soluble therapeutic compounds comprising different fragments of its extracellular domain. 
  • 348
  • 17 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Innate Immune System in the Cancer
Ionizing radiation therapy is an important component of cancer treatment. Researchers provide a summary of the latest advancements, clinical use, and limitations of radiation therapy. Moreover, researchers explored how radiation affects the body’s natural defense system, which plays a crucial role in fighting cancer. The immune responses triggered by radiation therapy help the body eliminate tumors naturally.
  • 347
  • 16 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Cholinergic Polarization of Human Macrophages
Macrophages serve as vital defenders, protecting the body by exhibiting remarkable cellular adaptability in response to invading pathogens and various stimuli. These cells express nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, with the α7-nAChR being extensively studied due to its involvement in activating the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway. Activation of this pathway plays a crucial role in suppressing macrophages’ production of proinflammatory cytokines, thus mitigating excessive inflammation and maintaining host homeostasis.
  • 346
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Macrophage/Microglia Polarization in Treating Glioblastoma/Multiple Sclerosis
Macrophages and microglia are implicated in several diseases with divergent roles in physiopathology. This discrepancy can be explained by their capacity to endorse different polarization states. Theoretical extremes of these states are called M1 and M2. M1 are pro-inflammatory, microbicidal, and cytotoxic whereas M2 are anti-inflammatory, immunoregulatory cells in favor of tumor progression. In pathological states, these polarizations are dysregulated, thus restoring phenotypes could be an interesting treatment approach against diseases.
  • 345
  • 21 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Alternative Splicing in Immunomodulatory Genes
The interaction between the tumor and immune cells within the tumor microenvironment is facilitated by signaling pathways driven by immunomodulatory proteins. Alternative splicing regulates the production of multiple immunomodulatory proteins with diverse functionality from a single mRNA transcript. Splicing factors are pivotal in modulating alternative splicing processes but are also subject to regulation. The dysregulation of alternative splicing may result from splicing factor (SF) abnormal expression levels and mutations in the cis and trans-acting elements and small nuclear RNA (snRNA) molecules. Aberrant splicing may generate abnormal mRNA transcripts encoding isoforms with altered functions that contribute to tumorigenesis or cancer progression.
  • 345
  • 30 Aug 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 39
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Fungi
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback