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Topic Review
Fungal Chassis and Production of Functional Foods
Bio-based products from fungi are extensively explored in the present era, attributed to their emerging importance in the industrial sector, healthcare, and food applications. The edible group of fungi and multiple fungal strains defines attractive biological resources for high-value metabolites comprising food additives, pigments, dyes, industrial chemicals, and antibiotics, including other compounds. Usually, a biological species with a small genome size is preferred for engineering, since it can be handled with precision. For example, S. cerevisiae has efficient integration of DNA at desired regions, facilitating easy biological chassis. With an efficient genome editing tool, CRISPR/Cas9, the design, and development of plasmids have considerably improved, adding versatility to the scope of yeast systems as a biotechnological tool. Moreover, synthetic biology strategies are adopted to manipulate S. cerevisiae and design promoters, cloning plasmids, methods, etc., to benefit their diverse applications in biotechnology.
  • 837
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas Genome Editing
The adaptive immune system CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas (CRISPR-associated) in prokaryotes has led to a revolution in targeted genome editing with high precision and accuracy. This technology allows the manipulation or modification of crop plant genome in several ways. The CRISPR-Cas technology is faster, cheaper, precise, and highly efficient in editing genomes even at the multiplex level. Application of CRISPR-Cas in editing the crop plant genome is emerging rapidly for the increased yield, quality, domestication, and stress tolerance. More importantly, this technology is becoming a user-friendly tool for the development of non-transgenic genome-edited crop plants.
  • 834
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Isolated Limb Infusion
Isolated limb infusion (ILI) and hyperthermic isolated limb perfusion (HILP) are used to treat melanoma in-transit metastases and unresectable sarcoma confined to the limb utilizing the effect of high-dose loco-regional chemotherapy, normally melphalan +/- actinomycin-D. Both procedures are able to provide high response rates in patients with numerous or bulky lesions in whom other loco-regional treatments are less effective. In comparison to systemic therapies, on the other hand, ILI and HILP result less in severe systemic side-effects. Although in principle ILI and HILP are similar procedures, ILI is technically simpler to perform and takes advantage of the hypoxic and acidotic environment in the isolated limb, potentiating anti-tumour activity of the cytotoxic agents.
  • 828
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Regulation of Cellulase and Xylanase Production by Basidiomycetes
The potential of wood-rotting and litter-deconstructing basidiomycetes to convert lignocellulose into a wide variety of products has been extensively studied. In particular, wood-rotting basidiomycete secretomes are attracting much attention from researchers and biotechnology companies due to their ability to produce extracellular hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes that effectively degrade cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin of plant biomass.
  • 828
  • 06 Jun 2023
Topic Review
AI Applications in Plant Genomic Prediction
Artificial intelligence (AI), boosted through deep learning (DL), has achieved significant breakthroughs and is a powerful tool for managing large complex datasets such as crop genetic markers genome and their association with crop phenotypes. AI techniques can be applied to analyze large amounts of genomic data and identify patterns that are difficult for humans to detect. These patterns can then be used to develop more accurate predictive models. 
  • 827
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Deep Learning Methods for Antibodies
Driven by its successes across domains such as computer vision and natural language processing, deep learning has recently entered the field of biology by aiding in cellular image classification, finding genomic connections, and advancing drug discovery. In drug discovery and protein engineering, a major goal is to design a molecule that will perform a useful function as a therapeutic drug. Typically, the focus has been on small molecules, but new approaches have been developed to apply these same principles of deep learning to biologics, such as antibodies. 
  • 825
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Climate Change Stress Alleviation
Climate change is likely to have severe impacts on food security in the topics as these regions of the world have both the highest human populations and narrower climatic niches, which reduce the diversity of suitable crops. Legume crops are of particular importance to food security, supplying dietary protein for humans both directly and in their use for feed and forage. Other than the rhizobia associated with legumes, soil microbes, in particular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), can mitigate the effects of biotic and abiotic stresses, offering an important complementary measure to protect crop yields. 
  • 823
  • 14 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Tissue-Engineered Grafts with Minimally Manipulated Cells
Transfer of regenerative approaches into clinical practice is limited by strict legal regulation of in vitro expanded cells and risks associated with substantial manipulations. Isolation of cells for the enrichment of bone grafts directly in the Operating Room appears to be a promising solution for the translation of biomedical technologies into clinical practice. These intraoperative approaches could be generally characterized as a joint concept of tissue engineering in situ.
  • 822
  • 22 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Beneficial Soil Microbiomes in Plant Growth
The soil microbiome plays an important role in maintaining soil health, plant productivity, and soil ecosystem services. Molecular-based studies have shed light on the fact that the soil microbiome has been quantitatively underestimated. In addition to metagenomic studies, metaproteomics and metatranscriptomic studies that target the functional part of the microbiome are becoming more common. These are important for a better understanding of the functional role of the microbiome and for deciphering plant-microbe interactions. Free-living beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth by colonizing plant roots are called plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs). They exert their beneficial effects in different ways, either by facilitating the uptake of nutrients and synthesizing particular compounds for plants or by preventing and protecting plants from diseases.
  • 822
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Recombinant DNA Strategies for Industrial Potential of Fungi
Genetic and metabolic engineering strategies have enabled improvements in yield and titer for a variety of valuable molecules produced naturally in fungi, as well as those produced heterologously. Wild-type strains do not often produce these compounds at the levels required in industry, or do not produce the desired enzymes with the required properties or catalytic specificity. To overcome these problems, different genetic engineering approaches have been developed to improve the industrial potential of fungi.
  • 815
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Characteristics of Skin Microbiome in Selected Dermatological Conditions
The skin is the largest and outermost organ of the human body. The microbial diversity of the skin can be influenced by several variable factors such as physiological state, lifestyle, and geographical locations. There are increased interest in research aiming at an improved understanding of the relationship between the human microbiota and several diseases. Albeit understudied, interesting correlations between the skin microbiota and several dermatological conditions have been observed. Studies have shown that a decrease or increase in the abundance of certain microbial communities can be implicated in several dermatological pathologies.
  • 814
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Discovery and Optimization of Streptomyces Secondary Metabolite Production
Actinobacteria from the genus Streptomyces feature complex primary and secondary metabolism, developmental cycle, and ability to produce a variety of natural products. These soil bacteria are major producers of antibiotics and other bioactive compounds and have been extensively investigated due to the medical and industrial relevance of Streptomyces-derived secondary metabolites.
  • 811
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Jatropha Biodiesel Source
Environmental pollution is one of the most pressing challenges in today’s world. The main cause of this pollution is fuel emissions from automobiles and other sources. As industrialization progresses, people will be unable to compromise on the use of energy to power heavy machines and will be forced to seek out the best options. As a consequence, utilizing green fuel, such as biodiesel derived from natural sources, is a realistic option. Jatropha curcas L. (Euphorbiaceae) is recognized as the greatest feedstock for biodiesel production throughout the world, and it has gained a huge market value in the recent years. Conventional cultivation alone will not be sufficient to meet the global need for the plant’s biomass for the production of biodiesel. Adoption of plant tissue culture techniques that improve the biomass availability is an immediate need.
  • 807
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
Arbovirus Disease in Humans and Animals
Arboviruses consist of a diverse family of pathogens that can infect a wide range of animals and humans. Arboviruses are a diverse family of vector-borne pathogens that include members of the Flaviviridae, Togaviridae, Phenuviridae, Peribunyaviridae, Reoviridae, Asfarviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Orthomyxoviridae and Poxviridae families.
  • 802
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Immunomodulation, Bioavailability and Safety of Bacteriocins
Bacteriocins can help in the treatment and prevention of infectious diseases. Moreover, bacteriocins can be obtained in prokaryotic organisms, and contribute s to their widespread use. While the use of bacteriocins is currently limited to the food industry (for example, nisin is used as a preservative, E234), a large number of studies on their microbicidal properties suggest that their use in medicine may increase in the foreseeable future. However, for the successful use of bacteriocins in medicine, it is necessary to understand their effect on the immune system, especially in cases where immunity is weakened due to infectious processes, oncological, allergic, or autoimmune diseases. Studies on the immuno-modulatory activity of bacteriocins in animal models and human cells have revealed their ability to induce both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors involved in the implementation of innate immunity. The influence of bacteriocins on acquired immunity is revealed by an increase in the number of T-lymphocytes with a simultaneous decrease in B-lymphocyte levels, which makes them attractive substances for reducing inflammation. The widespread use of bacteriocins in the food industry, their low toxicity, and their broad and narrow specificity are reasons for researchers to pay attention to their immunomodulatory properties and explore their medical applications. Inflammation regulation by bacteriocins can be used in the treatment of various pathologies.
  • 799
  • 24 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Fungi, P-Solubilization, and Plant Nutrition
The application of plant beneficial microorganisms is widely accepted as an efficient alternative to chemical fertilizers and pesticides. It was shown that annually, mycorrhizal fungi and nitrogen-fixing bacteria are responsible for 5 to 80% of all nitrogen, and up to 75% of P plant acquisition.
  • 796
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Multifaceted Applications of Microbial Pigments
Microbial oddities such as versatile pigments are gaining more attention in research due to their widely perceived applications as natural food colorants, textiles, antimicrobial activities, and cytotoxic activities.
  • 796
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR-Based Assays for Effective Detection of SARS-CoV-2
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by the SARS-CoV-2 has been an outbreak since late 2019 up to now. This pandemic causes rapid development in molecular detection technologies to diagnose viral infection for epidemic prevention. In addition to antigen test kit (ATK) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), CRISPR-based assays for detection of SARS-CoV-2 have gained attention because it has a simple setup but still maintain high specificity and sensitivity.
  • 789
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Salmonella as a Promising Curative Tool against Cancer
Bacteria-mediated cancer therapy has become a topic of interest under the broad umbrella of oncotherapy. Among many bacterial species, Salmonella remains at the forefront due to its ability to localize and proliferate inside tumor microenvironments and often suppress tumor growth. Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the most promising mediators, with engineering plasticity and cancer specificity. It can be used to deliver toxins that induce cell death in cancer cells specifically, and also as a cancer-specific instrument for immunotherapy by delivering tumor antigens and exposing the tumor environment to the host immune system. 
  • 789
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Postharvest Preservation of Berry Fruits
Berries are highly perishable and susceptible to spoilage, resulting in significant food and economic losses. The use of chemicals in traditional postharvest protection techniques can harm both human health and the environment. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in creating environmentally friendly solutions for postharvest protection.
  • 785
  • 30 Aug 2023
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