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Topic Review
Cancer Stem Cells in Anti-Cancer Therapy
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been identified and characterized in both hematopoietic and solid tumors. Many studies showed that CSCs can be identified and isolated by their expression of specific cell markers, such as ALDH, Nanog, Sox2, OCT3/4. The significance of CSCs with respect to tumor biology and anti-cancer treatment lies in their ability to maintain quiescence with very slow proliferation, indefinite self-renewal, differentiation, and trans-differentiation such as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse process mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET). The ability for detachment, migration, extra- and intravasation, invasion and thereby of completing all necessary steps of the metastatic cascade highlights their significance for metastasis. In addition, CSCs comprise the cancer cell populations responsible for tumor growth and cancer metastasis, resistance to anticancer therapies.
  • 779
  • 17 May 2023
Topic Review
Falsified Medicines Directive in European Union
The Falsified Medicines Directive (FMD) and the Delegated Regulation (DR) impact the pharmaceutical supply chain. The European Union published the Falsified Medicines Directive, introducing a safety feature on the packages of drugs, ensuring the verification of a drug’s authenticity before supplying it to the patient. The details of implementing a Europe-wide system for authentication of medicines is included in the Delegated Regulation, published in February 2016. The deadline for DR implementation was 9 February 2019, with the authentication systems required to be operational and running before this deadline. The FMD impacts the entire pharmaceutical supply chain.
  • 778
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Infection Control against Candidaauris in Healthcare Facilities
Candida auris is an emerging multidrug-resistant yeast with high mortality rate, especially in patients with underlying co-morbidities. It has been known to contaminate the environment and colonize human skin for prolonged periods in healthcare settings leading to difficult-to-control outbreaks. However, there is limited literature on the efficacy of different disinfectants/antiseptics, which can effectively decontaminate the environment and decolonize patients to prevent the spread of C. auris.
  • 778
  • 05 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Intradural Pediatric Spinal Tumors
Pediatric spinal tumors are rare and account for 10% of all central nervous system tumors in children. Onset usually occurs with chronic nonspecific symptoms and may depend on the intra- or extradural neoplastic location. Meningiomas, schwannomas, and neurofibromas are the most common intradural-extramedullary lesions, while astrocytomas and ependymomas represent the majority of intramedullary tumors.
  • 775
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Unawareness of Chronic Kidney Disease in Germany
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular events, hospitalizations, end stage renal disease and mortality. Main risk factors for CKD are diabetes, hypertension, and older age. Although CKD prevalence is about 10%, awareness for CKD is generally low in patients and physicians, hindering early diagnosis and treatment. We analyzed baseline data of 3305 participants with CKD Stages 1–4 from German cohorts and registries collected in 2010. Prevalence of CKD unawareness and prevalence ratios (PR) (each with 95%-confidence intervals) were estimated in categories of age, sex, CKD stages, BMI, hypertension, diabetes and other relevant comorbidities. We used a log-binomial regression model to estimate the PR for CKD unawareness for females compared to males adjusting for CKD stage and CKD risk factors. CKD unawareness was high, reaching 71% (68–73%) in CKD 3a, 49% (45–54%) in CKD 3b and still 30% (24–36%) in CKD4. Prevalence of hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular comorbidities was not associated with lower CKD unawareness. Independent of CKD stage and other risk factors unawareness was higher in female patients (PR = 1.06 (1.01; 1.10)). Even in patients with CKD related comorbidities, CKD unawareness was high. Female sex was strongly associated with CKD unawareness. Guideline oriented treatment of patients at higher risk for CKD could increase CKD awareness. Patient–physician communication about CKD might be amendable. 
  • 775
  • 18 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Attitudes toward Female Genital Mutilation/Circumcision
Understanding the attitudes toward FGM/C held by people who have been involved in this practice can lead to more active interventions to prevent this harmful practice.  Circumcised women can play a key role in encouraging the abandonment of FGM/C through educational and cultural campaigns. 
  • 773
  • 23 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Health Policies Based on Patient Satisfaction
Healthcare decision-makers increasingly face a changing and ever-evolving landscape, forcing them to formulate public policies based on the results from different scientific investigations. This entry evaluates the field of research on patient satisfaction as a basis for health policies. The analysis was carried out with a sample of 621 articles published between 2000 and 2020 in the Scopus database.
  • 773
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Impact of Virtual Nature Therapy on Stress Responses
Previous research has found that virtual reality (VR) experiences affect socio-affective behavior, indicating the potential of using VR for cognitive and psychological stress therapy. However, evidence for the impacts of virtual forest therapy as a stress-reduction technique is lacking, and the usefulness of these techniques has yet to be determined. 
  • 773
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Palliative Care in Older People with Multimorbidities
Although numerous studies have been conducted on the needs of cancer patients at the end of their life, there is a lack of studies focused on older patients with non-oncological complex chronic multipathologies. Examining these needs would help to gain a greater understanding of the profile of this specific population within the palliative care (PC) pathway and how the health and care systems can address them. Substantial changes are needed in health and care systems at the institutional level to provide more specialized PC environments and systematized PC processes for multimorbid older patients. It is vital to understand and address the needs of multimorbid older patients and their caregivers given that the number of these patients is growing, which may challenge current healthcare systems. 
  • 773
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Home-Based Devices for Detecting Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a respiratory disorder characterized by frequent breathing pauses during sleep. The apnea–hypopnea index is a measure used to assess the severity of sleep apnea and the hourly rate of respiratory events. Despite numerous commercial devices available for apnea diagnosis and early detection, accessibility remains challenging for the general population, leading to lengthy wait times in sleep clinics. Consequently, research on monitoring and predicting OSA has surged. 
  • 773
  • 20 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Genetic Counselling for Rare Diseases in Spain
Genetic Counseling is essential for providing personalized information and support to patients with Rare Diseases (RD). Unlike most other developed countries, Spain does not recognize geneticists or genetic counsellors as healthcare professionals. Thus, patients with RD face not only challenges associated with their own disease but also deal with lack of knowledge, uncertainty, and other psychosocial issues arising as a consequence of diagnostic delay.
  • 772
  • 24 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Healthcare Safety Nets during COVID-19
Healthcare safety net is an important concept during covid-19 infectious diseases. In the case of covid-19, the healthcare safety net meets the safety requirements, improves the quality of life, and reduces the turnover rate and mortality of patients.
  • 771
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Regulation Mechanism of ssDNA Aptamer in Nanozymes
Food safety issues are a worldwide concern. Pathogens, toxins, pesticides, veterinary drugs, heavy metals, and illegal additives are frequently reported to contaminate food and pose a serious threat to human health. Conventional detection methods have difficulties fulfilling the requirements for food development in a modern society. Therefore, novel rapid detection methods are urgently needed for on-site and rapid screening of massive food samples. Due to the extraordinary properties of nanozymes and aptamers, biosensors composed of both of them provide considerable advantages in analytical performances, including sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and accuracy. They are considered a promising complementary detection method on top of conventional ones for the rapid and accurate detection of food contaminants.
  • 771
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Impact of COVID-19 on Head and Neck Carcinoma
The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly impacted all public life and the global economy. Since its discovery, the disease has spread rapidly, which led to an unprecedented public health crisis and the adoption of extreme measures to limit community and hospital spread. As a result of a confluence of extraordinary circumstances caused by this pandemic, the doctrines of treatment for patients with head and neck carcinoma had to be reanalyzed, guaranteeing the well-being of both patients and health professionals as well as society itself. 
  • 771
  • 25 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Microelement Composition of Reindeer Meat and Adaptation
The unique nutrition of the Arctic Indigenous Peoples is associated with their increased endurance, health, and adaptability to the harsh climate. Reindeer meat, blood, and liver are the most critical elements of this traditional nutrition enriched with minerals. Reindeer consumption is a crucial factor of successful adaptation to the cold stress, as well as a component of national culture, food, and economic security and sovereignty, affecting the well-being and health of the Indigenous population in the Arctic.
  • 769
  • 28 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Dentists’ Competence and Knowledge on Domestic Violence
Domestic violence (DV) is an important public health topic with a high prevalence in society. Dentists are also frontline responders to DV, as they not only treat victims of DV with dental injuries, but they can also screen for the presence of DV because they see patients for regular check-ups. Although dentists, as members of the health care sector, are important frontline responders to DV, they are neither trained adequately nor do most feel competent enough to ask victims about DV or support them as needed, as DV is often not taught at dentistry schools at all. DV education should be mandatory at dentistry schools and in further training for dentists with a focus on communication with victims, how DV can be identified and how to support victims well. 
  • 769
  • 11 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Sex Disparity in Cancer
Sex- and/or gender-associated differences in cancer incidence, prognosis, response to therapy and, eventually, survival have been fully reported with epidemiological data that show, with few exceptions, a general female advantage.
  • 768
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Convalescent Plasma Transfusion for COVID‐19
More than one year into the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, healthcare systems across the world continue to be overwhelmed with soaring daily cases. The treatment spectrum primarily includes ventilation support augmented with repurposed drugs and/or convalescent plasma transfusion (CPT) from recovered COVID-19 patients. CPT is a promising COVID-19 therapeutic option that merits internationally coordinated RCTs to achieve a scientific risk-benefit consensus. 
  • 766
  • 24 May 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 Mass Vaccination Centers: review
A mass vaccination center is a location, normally used for nonhealthcare activities, set up for high-volume and high-speed vaccinations during infectious disease emergencies.
  • 766
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
MPM Nodal Status: Where are We at?
Due to the lack of both prospective trial and high-volume retrospective studies, the management of clinical N+ malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) patients remain highly debated. Node positive patients show poor survival compared with node-negative ones; thus, lymph node staging appears crucial in determining treatment strategy. Notwithstanding the improvement in pre-treatment staging and the update on lymph node classification in the 8th edition of TNM, several open controversies remain on N parameter. How should people stage suspected N+ patients? How should people treat node positive patients?  Which is the definition of “resectable patient”?  Is the site or the number the main prognostic factor for node positive patients?  The aim of the entry is to analyse the existing relevant literature on lymph node status in MPM.
  • 766
  • 09 Nov 2021
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