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Topic Review
Natural Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Autism Spectrum Disorders
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous category of developmental psychiatric disorders which is characterized by inadequate social interaction, less communication, and repetitive phenotype behavior. ASD is comorbid with various types of disorders. The reported prevalence is 1% in the United Kingdom, 1.5% in the United States, and ~0.2% in India. The natural anti-inflammatory agents on brain development are linked to interaction with many types of inflammatory pathways affected by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental variables. Inflammatory targeting pathways have already been linked to ASD. However, these routes are diluted, and new strategies are being developed in natural anti-inflammatory medicines to treat ASD. 
  • 869
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Matrix Metalloproteinases in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative disorders/diseases (NDs) are a chronic debilitating group of heterogeneous diseases, which include loss of neuronal function and structure, leading to neuronal cell death or progressive degeneration. NDs comprise a highly complex etiology that is mainly associated with abnormal protein accumulation, mutated genes, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER), calcium overload, excitotoxicity, or neuronal destruction in specific regions of the brain. ND is a wide array of neurological disorders that generally affect central nervous system (CNS) neurons, characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction in the CNS, resulting in deficit of specific functions of the brain (movement, memory, and cognition). These processes are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of NDs, such as Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease.
  • 867
  • 12 May 2021
Topic Review
Galectin-3 in Neurodevelopment
There is a plethora of evidence to suggest that Galectin-3 plays an important role in normal functions of mammalian cells, as well as in different pathogenic conditions.
  • 866
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Pathogenesis and Therapeutics for Huntington’s Disease
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative genetic disorder caused by an expanded polyglutamine-coding (CAG) trinucleotide repeat in the huntingtin (HTT) gene. HD behaves as a highly penetrant dominant disorder likely acting through a toxic gain of function by the mutant huntingtin protein. Widespread cellular degeneration of the medium spiny neurons of the caudate nucleus and putamen are responsible for the onset of symptomology that encompasses motor, cognitive, and behavioural abnormalities. 
  • 865
  • 06 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Risk Factors Associated with IAs in Subarachnoid Hemorrhages
An subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the predominant initial sign of cerebral aneurysms in both adults and kids. In children, the incidence of an SAH varies between 1.9% and 4.6%. The growing detection of SAHs in children can probably be attributed to better diagnostic tools and heightened clinical vigilance.
  • 863
  • 19 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Strategies to Promote Neural Regeneration after Intracerebral Hemorrhage
The restorative capability of the central nervous system (CNS) after ICH has received little attention, even though it is clear that the brain has capacity for repair after injury. The dynamic changes of myelin (de- and remyelination) can be found in brains of patients with multiple sclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease; a novel transgenic reporter mouse line shows proof of myelin renewal in normal homeostasis. Enhanced neural regenerative processes including neurogenesis, angiogenesis, oligodendrogenesis, and axonal regeneration have been observed in divergent CNS pathologies.
  • 862
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by the loss of dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). Its main symptoms include resting tremors, rigidity, shuffling gait, and bradykinesia. Genome-wide association studies have identified many genetic variants associated with PD. Studies of animal models, neuroimages, and postmortem pathology have also provided substantial insights into the involvement of neuroinflammation in PD pathogenesis, and indicate that cytokine-induced inflammatory responses may play a vital role.
  • 862
  • 05 May 2022
Topic Review
Application of Proteomics in Optic Nerve Injury Diseases
Optic nerve damage is a common cause of blindness. Optic nerve injury is often accompanied by fundus vascular disease, retinal ganglion cell apoptosis, and changes in retinal thickness. These changes can cause alterations in protein expression within neurons in the retina. Proteomics analysis offers conclusive evidence to decode a biological system. Optic nerve damage can significantly reduce the vision of patients, thereby having a serious impact on their daily lives and their families. In clinical practice, optic nerve injury is mainly diagnosed by optical tomography (OCT) detection and by fundus angiography. 
  • 862
  • 12 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors
Group I metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRI), including mGluR1 and mGluR5 subtypes, modulate essential brain functions by affecting neuronal excitability, intracellular calcium dynamics, protein synthesis, dendritic spine formation, and synaptic transmission and plasticity.
  • 862
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Mitochondrial Dynamic Behavior in Genetically Defined Neurodegenerative Diseases
Mitochondrial dynamics encompass mitochondrial fusion, fission, and movement. Mitochondrial fission and fusion are seemingly ubiquitous, whereas mitochondrial movement is especially important for organelle transport through neuronal axons. In addition to review mitochondrial dynamics processes in Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 2A, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Friedrich’s ataxia, dominant optic atrophy, Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s and Parkinson’s diseases, researchers suggest a possible screening procedure using patient-derived cells to evaluate different therapeutics for a given disease, or to assess potential efficacy of a particular approach in multiple diseases.
  • 860
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
RNA-Binding Proteins in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) include a large spectrum of heterogeneous and multifactorial pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and multiple system atrophy, and the formation of inclusion bodies resulting from protein misfolding and aggregation is a hallmark of these disorders.
  • 859
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Rhes in Parkinson’s Disease
Rhes is one of the most interesting genes regulated by thyroid hormones that, through the inhibition of the striatal cAMP/PKA pathway, acts as a modulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Rhes mRNA is expressed at high levels in the dorsal striatum, with a medial-to-lateral expression gradient reflecting that of both dopamine D2 and adenosine A2A receptors. Rhes transcript is also present in the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, olfactory tubercle and bulb, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) and ventral tegmental area of the rodent brain. In line with Rhes-dependent regulation of dopaminergic transmission, data showed that lack of Rhes enhanced cocaine- and amphetamine-induced motor stimulation in mice.
  • 859
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Functionalized Nanomaterials as Theranostic Agents in Brain Imaging
Theranostic nanoparticles in molecular imaging significantly impact non-invasive strategies to understand biological and biochemical events in intact cells within living subjects. It plays a prominent role in disease diagnosis and therapeutic monitoring outcomes in vivo. The theranostic application of nanomaterials can be classified into morphological and functional imaging based on their roles in image contrast abilities during applicable imaging methods.
  • 859
  • 08 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Niemann–Pick Disease Type C1
Niemann–Pick disease type C1 (NPC1), which is a rare lipid-storage disorder. Lipids, in particular phospholipids, are a major component of the cell membrane and play important roles in cellular functions, such as extracellular receptor signaling, intracellular second messengers and cellular pressure regulation.
  • 857
  • 20 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Neurophysiology in Managing Patients with Chiari Malformations
Chiari malformation type 1 (CM1) includes various congenital anomalies that share ectopia of the cerebellar tonsils lower than the foramen magnum, in some cases associated with syringomyelia or hydrocephalus. CM1 can cause dysfunction of the brainstem, spinal cord, and cranial nerves. This functional alteration of the nervous system can be detected by various modalities of neurophysiological tests, such as brainstem auditory evoked potentials, somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, electromyography and nerve conduction studies of the cranial nerves and spinal roots, as well as brainstem reflexes.
  • 856
  • 23 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Neurodegenerative Disorders and Sphingolipids
Sphingolipids are an important class of lipids that comprise a fatty acid that is attached to a sphingoid long-chain base. An increasing amount of evidence links these sphingolipids to neurodegenerative disorders.  
  • 855
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Focused Ultrasound-Mediated Blood–Brain Barrier Opening for Neurological Disorders
Several therapeutic agents for neurological disorders are usually not delivered to the brain owing to the presence of the blood–brain barrier (BBB), a special structure present in the central nervous system (CNS). Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles can reversibly and temporarily open the BBB, enabling the application of various therapeutic agents in patients with neurological disorders. 
  • 855
  • 31 May 2023
Topic Review
Relationship between EEG Abnormalities and the ASD Phenotype
The comorbidity between Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and epilepsy has been widely demonstrated, and many hypotheses regarding the common neurobiological bases of these disorders have been put forward. A variable, but significant, prevalence of abnormalities on electroencephalogram (EEG) has been documented in non-epileptic children with ASD; therefore, several scientific studies have tried to demonstrate the role of these abnormalities as a possible biomarker of altered neural connectivity in ASD individuals.
  • 855
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Botulinum Neurotoxin in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease is the most common age-related motoric neurodegenerative disease. In addition to the cardinal motor symptoms of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability, there are numerous non-motor symptoms as well. Among the non-motor symptoms, autonomic nervous system dysfunction is common. Autonomic symptoms associated with Parkinson’s disease include sialorrhea, hyperhidrosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and urinary dysfunction. Botulinum neurotoxin has been shown to potentially improve these autonomic symptoms.
  • 854
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Sleepiness, Aging, and Driving Skills
Sleepiness has been recognized as one of the main factors that affect driving skills. Sleepiness has been defined as difficulty maintaining wakefulness without external stimuli. Excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is present in 10–20% of the general population and negatively impacts reaction time, vigilance, and judgment of performance at the wheel. The sleepiness level can be evaluated by subjective or objective methods and may be influenced by poor sleep hygiene, circadian rhythm, or alcohol and drugs.
  • 854
  • 26 Aug 2021
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