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Topic Review
The Ketogenic Effect of SGLT-2 Inhibitors
Sodium–glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT-2) inhibitors, also called gliflozins or flozins, are a class of drugs that have been increasingly used in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) due to their glucose-lowering, cardiovascular (CV), and renal positive effects. 
  • 723
  • 23 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiotoxicity of Cancer Chemotherapy Agents
Cardiotoxicity is defined as every cardiovascular (CV) event related to the use of cancer medication. 
  • 720
  • 18 Mar 2022
Topic Review
SGLT2i in Diabetes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Kidney Disease
Sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) is a class of drugs that were originally intended for decreasing blood glucose in diabetes. However, recent trials have shown that there are other beneficial effects. Recent major SGLT2i landmark trials have demonstrated benefits for cardiovascular disease (reduce major adverse cardiovascular events (heart attack, stroke, cardiovascular death), hospitalization for heart failure, all-cause death), and renal disease (delay the onset of dialysis) regardless of diabetic status. 
  • 720
  • 17 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Sirtuin-Induced Autophagy in Cardiovascular Diseases
Sirtuins belong to the class III histone deacetylases and possess nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase activity. They are involved in the regulation of multiple signaling pathways implicated in cardiovascular diseases. Autophagy is a crucial adaptive cellular response to stress stimuli. Mounting evidence suggests a strong correlation between Sirtuins and autophagy, potentially involving cross-regulation and crosstalk. Sirtuin-mediated autophagy plays a crucial regulatory role in some cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, ischemia/reperfusion injury, hypertension, heart failure, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and drug-induced myocardial damage.
  • 720
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Natural Monoterpenes against Atherosclerosis
Traditional herbal medicines based on natural products play a pivotal role in preventing and managing atherosclerotic diseases, which are among the leading causes of death globally. Monoterpenes are a large class of naturally occurring compounds commonly found in many aromatic and medicinal plants. Emerging evidence has shown that monoterpenes have many biological properties, including cardioprotective effects.
  • 717
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Heart Failure after Aortic Valve Replacement
Severe aortic stenosis (AS) carries a poor prognosis with the onset of heart failure (HF) symptoms, and surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement (AVR) is its only definitive treatment. The management of AS has seen a paradigm shift with the adoption of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR), allowing for the treatment of AS in patients who would not otherwise be candidates for surgical AVR.
  • 716
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lipoprotein(a)
The treatment of patients with aortic valve calcification (AVC) and calcific aortic valve stenosis (CAVS) remains challenging as, until today, all non-invasive interventions have proven fruitless in preventing the disease’s onset and progression. Despite the similarities in the pathogenesis of AVC and atherosclerosis, statins failed to show a favorable effect in preventing AVC progression. The recognition of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] as a strong and potentially modifiable risk factor for the development and, perhaps, the progression of AVC and CAVS and the evolution of novel agents leading in a robust Lp(a) reduction, have rekindled hope for a promising future in the treatment of those patients. Lp(a) seems to promote AVC via a ‘three hit’ mechanism including lipid deposition, inflammation and autotaxin transportation. All of these lead to valve interstitial cells transition into osteoblast-like cells and, thus, to parenchymal calcification. 
  • 711
  • 10 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Non-Conventional Risk Factors in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), such as arterial hypertension, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, etc., still represent the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. They significantly modify the patients’ quality of life with a tremendous economic impact. It is well established that cardiovascular risk factors increase the probability of fatal and non-fatal cardiac events. These risk factors are classified into modifiable (smoking, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, low HDL cholesterol, diabetes, excessive alcohol consumption, high-fat and high-calorie diet, reduced physical activity) and non-modifiable (sex, age, family history, of previous cardiovascular disease).
  • 711
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Use of Cardioprotective Devices and Strategies
Cardioprotective devices such as TandemHeart, Impella family devices, and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) have been proven to show significant cardioprotection through mechanical support. However, their use as interventional agents in the prevention of hemodynamic changes due to cardiac surgery or percutaneous interventions has been correlated with adverse effects. This can lead to a rebound increased risk of mortality in high-risk patients who undergo cardiac surgery. 
  • 709
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence for Vascular Dysfunction Identification
Arterial blood pressure monitoring plays an important role in preventive medicine, allowing, in selected cases, the identification of vascular dysfunction. Extensive research, encompassing both healthy subjects and patients with a range of vascular issues, has consistently demonstrated the efficacy of the Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) technique in identifying cases of impaired vascular function, including many cases of silent vascular dysfunction that are not manifested by changes in blood pressure. 
  • 709
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Myocardial Restoration Therapy
Myocardial restoration approaches so far have encompassed various types of cells, cell products or derivatives, scaffolds of various physical conditions, as well as multiple administration routes. 
  • 708
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease in T1DM
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of mortality in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, and cardiovascular risk (CVR) remains high even in T1DM patients with good metabolic control.
  • 707
  • 22 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Physiopathology of Post-Cardiac Arrest
Cardiac arrest is an important public health issue, with a survival rate of approximately 15 to 22%. A great proportion of these deaths occur after resuscitation due to post-cardiac arrest syndrome, which is characterized by the ischemia-reperfusion injury that affects the role body. post-cardiac arrest syndrome (PCAS) is a complex and critical issue that was first described in the 1950s. Understanding the pathophysiology of the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury that occurs in PCAS may elucidate therapeutic targets.
  • 707
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Aortic and Visceral Aneurysms
Aortic and visceral aneurysms affect large arterial vessels, including the thoracic and abdominal aorta, as well as visceral arterial branches, such as the splenic, hepatic, and mesenteric arteries, respectively. 
  • 704
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sestrin2 as a Potential Target in Hypertension
Hypertension is a highly complex, intricate condition affecting millions of individuals across the globe. Nearly half of adults in the United States are diagnosed with hypertension, with incident rates projected to rise over the next decade. Hypertension is a precursor to many cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis, stroke, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and peripheral artery disease. The Sestrin (SESN) family of proteins is comprised of three members Sesn1, Sens2, and Sesn3, and is expressed by three coding genes: SESN1, SESN2, and SESN3
  • 704
  • 31 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Rehabilitation Programs
Cardiac rehabilitation (CR) is an integral part of the management of various cardiovascular disease such as coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD), or chronic heart failure (CHF), with proven morbidity and mortality benefits. Supervised exercise therapy has a positive impact on both functional capacity and also on the quality of life of such patients. The most effective manner to acquire this seems to be by combining revascularization therapy and supervised exercise.
  • 703
  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Dapagliflozin and Heart Failure
Heart failure (HF) is associated with a high morbidity and mortality burden. In light of more recent evidence, SGLT2 inhibitors are currently recommended as first-line therapy in managing patients with HF, regardless of ejection fraction, to reduce HF burden. The DAPA-HF and DELIVER trials, and particularly, the pooled analysis of both studies, have shown that dapagliflozin significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular death, all-cause death, total HF hospitalizations, and MACE in the whole spectrum of HF, with sustained benefits over time.
  • 702
  • 07 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Mechanical Unloading of Failing Heart
Ventricular assist devices (VADs) have been considered a reasonable alternative strategy in advanced heart failure (HF), widely used as a bridge to heart transplantation or candidacy. Mechanical unloading supports the function of a failing heart and the perfusion of vital organs through reduced workload placed on the ventricles. In clinical practice, it might initiate a healing response with even myocardial recovery, making heart transplantation and mechanical support no longer required. 
  • 701
  • 02 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Interleukins on CMs in Heart Disease
Myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, and myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (I/R) are the most common heart diseases, yet there is currently no effective therapy due to their complex pathogenesis. Cardiomyocytes (CMs), fibroblasts (FBs), endothelial cells (ECs), and immune cells are the primary cell types involved in heart disorders, and, thus, targeting a specific cell type for the treatment of heart disease may be more effective. The same interleukin may have various effects on different kinds of cell types in heart disease. CMs are the beating muscle cells that make up the atria and ventricles and are being targeted primarily in heart disease therapy.
  • 700
  • 19 Apr 2023
Topic Review
CFD Analysis in LAA Thrombus Formation Risk
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia characterized by irregular and rapid electrical activity in the atria, leading to ineffective contraction and poor blood flow. More than 90% of the left atrial (LA) thrombi that cause thromboembolic events during atrial fibrillation (AF) develop in the left atrial appendage (LAA). Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis can be used to better understand the risk of thrombus formation and subsequent embolic events. 
  • 699
  • 20 Jul 2023
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