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Topic Review
Nucleic Acid Drugs Delivery Carriers
Nucleic acid drugs are not readily permeable through cell membranes and often exhibit poor blood serum stability, rapid renal clearance and poor endosomal escape/cytoplasmic escape. Therefore, they are commonly used in combination with drug delivery system (DDS) carriers. The drug carrier plays an important role in the process of drug delivery. 
  • 864
  • 04 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Strongyloides stercoralis
Strongyloidiasis belongs to the group of neglected tropical diseases, due to diagnostic difficulties and the lack of systematic screening. 
  • 864
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Bioactivities of Phenalenones
Phenaloenones are structurally unique aromatic polyketides that have been reported in both microbial and plant sources. They possess a hydroxy perinaphthenone three-fused-ring system and exhibit diverse bioactivities, such as cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-HIV properties, and tyrosinase, α-glucosidase, lipase, AchE (acetylcholinesterase), indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1, angiotensin-I-converting enzyme, and tyrosine phosphatase inhibition. They have a rich nucleophilic nucleus that has inspired many chemists and biologists to synthesize more of these related derivatives. 
  • 864
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Biodiesel Production Process from Yeast Lipids
Renewable sources of energy have been sought due to the environmental impacts associated with fossil fuels, such as greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere. A promising alternative is biodiesel, particularly when obtained using yeast, as they offer certain advantages over other microorganisms due to their resilience to grow in various conditions, short reproduction times, and lower susceptibility to bacterial infections because they thrive at lower pH levels and have the ability to utilize a wide variety of substrates. Furthermore, biodiesel produced with yeast is composed of methyl ester fatty acids (FAME), providing it with good quality and performance in internal combustion engines, resulting in reduced greenhouse gas emissions compared to conventional diesel. The production of biodiesel using yeast involves six general stages, which offer various methodological alternatives with different degrees of sustainability.
  • 862
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Aptamers in Virology - HIV
Aptamers are oligonucleotides or peptide molecules that bind specifically to a variety of targets, often inhibiting protein–protein interactions. 
  • 860
  • 13 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Biorecovery of Critical Raw Materials through Archaeal factory
Bio-metallurgy is a promising alternative for e-waste valorisation based on biological routes of specialised microorganisms able to leach solid-containing metals. Because of the physiology of these microorganisms, microbial leaching can be economically feasible, besides being an environmentally sustainable process. Like Bacteria and Fungi, Archaea are also capable of metal leaching activity, though their potential is underestimated. Because of the physiology of these microorganisms, microbial leaching can be both economically and environmentally sustainable. Archaea, Bacteria and Fungi, are capable of metal leaching activity, although their potential is underappreciated.
  • 856
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanocellulose-Based Passivated-Carbon Quantum Dots for Antimicrobial Applications
Passivated-carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs) have been attracting great interest as an antimicrobial therapy tool due to their bright fluorescence, lack of toxicity, eco-friendly nature, simple synthetic schemes, and possession of photocatalytic functions comparable to those present in traditional nanometric semiconductors. Besides synthetic precursors, CQDs can be synthesized from a plethora of natural resources including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC). Converting MCC into NCC is performed chemically via the top-down route, while synthesizing CODs from NCC can be performed via the bottom-up route. Due to the good surface charge status with the NCC precursor, researchers focused on synthesizing CQDs from nanocelluloses (MCC and NCC) since they could become a potential source for fabricating carbon quantum dots that are affected by pyrolysis temperature. There are several P-CQDs synthesized with a wide spectrum of featured properties, namely functionalized carbon quantum dots (F-CQDs) and passivated carbon quantum dots (P-CQDs). There are two different important P-CQDs, namely 2,2′-ethylenedioxy-bis-ethylamine (EDA-CQDs) and 3-ethoxypropylamine (EPA-CQDs), that have achieved desirable results in the antiviral therapy field. 
  • 854
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Plant-Based CTB-INS Oral Vaccines
Oral delivery of tissue-specific autoantigens may be helpful for the clinical prevention of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes. However, the therapeutic potential has been restricted by the need for recurrent delivery of large amounts of autoantigen, and tolerance is often less successful in already sensitized hosts. These limitations were overcome by transporting chemically conjugated autoantigens for the induction of oral tolerance utilizing the nontoxic B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB).  
  • 854
  • 18 Jul 2023
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas Systems-Based Bacterial Detection
Enzymes from clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)- CRISPR associated protein (Cas) systems have been adapted for the specific, rapid, sensitive, and portable sensing of nucleic acids. The CRISPR–Cas system is composed of RNA-guided endonucleases, and it is an adaptive immune system that protects its hosts from bacteriophage predation and parasitism by other mobile genetic elements (MGEs).
  • 853
  • 14 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bacteriophage Tail Proteins for Bacterial Pathogen Recognition
In recent years, a number of bacterial detection methods have been developed to replace time-consuming culture methods. One interesting approach is to mobilize the ability of phage tail proteins to recognize and bind to bacterial hosts. Bacteriophages combine several properties that are desirable for the purpose of detecting bacterial pathogens. Compared to the traditional culture-based methodologies, capture-dependent methodologies are accurate, reliable, simple, relatively inexpensive, fast, and require a fairly low skill level. These properties are all desirable for diagnostics, suggesting that phage tail protein-based capture methods could potentially improve the treatment and control of pathogenic bacteria, thereby decreasing their negative impact worldwide.
  • 853
  • 11 May 2022
Topic Review
Plant Microbiome and Heavy Metal Stress
Plant microbiomes represent dynamic entities, influenced by the environmental stimuli and stresses in the surrounding conditions. The benefits of commensal microbes in improving the overall fitness of plants, besides beneficial effects on plant adaptability and survival in challenging environmental conditions. Plant-associated microbiomes are gaining significant recognition as biological alternatives for heavy metal tolerance and mitigation. The recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have opened new avenues in the characterization of microbiomes, deciphering the functional mechanisms of these microbes. Omics approaches, namely metagenomics, metaproteomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics have proved to be valuable tools to understand microbe composition and structure (diversity, abundance), plant–microbe dynamics, and potential effects on exposure to HM stress. Several genes from plants and plant-associated microbes have been identified by employing omics biology and can be further explored for conferring metal tolerance to the holobiont.
  • 847
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Production of Enzymes with Industrial Interest
Industrial enzymes are enzymes that are commercially used in a variety of industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemical production, biofuels, food & beverage, and consumer products.  
  • 843
  • 21 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Virus Like Particles in Yeast
Several structural viral proteins can self-assemble to form a capsid without a viral genome. This property of viral proteins has been exploited for constructing virus-like particles (VLPs). The most important feature of VLPs is that they resemble the capsid of the original virus, but they are empty shells that do not contain the viral genome, and thus, they elicit an immune response without propagating inside the cells. VLPs have been produced in Escherichia coli and in mammalian, plant, insect, and yeast cells . 
  • 843
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Sonodelivery in Skeletal Muscle
Ultrasound-mediated gene delivery, also known as sonoporation or sonodelivery, is a technique that utilizes the ability of ultrasound to disrupt the cell membrane to allow for the delivery of genes, proteins, and other therapeutics into cells. One potential application of this technique is sonodelivery of therapeutic genes into skeletal muscle, which allows the muscle to act as a therapeutic "factory" for long-term gene therapy. There are some complications associated with this application and with sonoporation in general, but it still appears to be a promising method for gene delivery, particularly in vivo, due to its advantages.
  • 841
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Influenza A (H7N9) Human Adaptation
Avian influenza virus A (H7N9), after circulating in avian hosts for decades, was identified as a human pathogen in 2013. Herein, we focus on the quantification of the virus diversity and the identification of amino acid substitutions that are possibly essential for human adaptation.
  • 841
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Wall Materials Used in Spray-Drying
The wall material refers to the protective matrix that safeguards the core material, such as particles, substances, or compounds, throughout the encapsulation process and subsequent handling. It should possess the ability to withstand mechanical stress (e.g., handling) and environmental conditions (e.g., humidity, temperature, and water activity). In spray-drying processes, the chosen wall material must ensure the stability and shelf-life of the encapsulated particle, substance, or compound, while also being cost-effective in terms of encapsulation yield and efficiency. It is essential to understand the characteristics of the materials, regardless of this section aiming to define the primary materials utilized in spray-drying processes.
  • 840
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Health and Disease
Polyphenolic compounds (PC) are among the most abundant secondary metabolites in nature. They are widely distributed in the world and can be found in fruits, cereals, tea, coffee, and beverages. Due to their structural diversity, polyphenols have many different properties and biological effects. They are resistant to the acid of the gastric tract, and very few are hydrolysed or absorbed in the stomach. Significant portions of ingested polyphenols reach the large intestine and interact with the local bacteria, the so-called gut microbiota. Epidemiological studies confirm that moderate and prolonged intake of foods rich in polyphenols could prevent the development of cancer and chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, type 2 diabetes, and obesity.
  • 839
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Tackling Colorants Sustainability
Colors play a key role in our lives: our clothes, our cars, and the furniture in our houses come with a wide range of choices when it comes to hues, inks, and paints. Since the accidental synthesis of the first synthetic aniline dye, mauveine, by William Perkin in 1856, the range of dye molecules available has widened and entered not only the textile, food, and cosmetic fields but also the pharmaceutical, plastics, ink, and packaging industries. As consumers, we mainly see them as a way of expressing our personal taste, mood, or personality and usually pay little attention to their origin and production process. As scientists, we are fascinated by the chemical processes behind them and, at the same time, mindful of the hazards they pose to the environment. This research highlights the importance not only of biotechnological approaches but also of a sustainable leadership to achieve a future-proof fashion industry. Science has been producing sustainable alternatives to counter the issue of dyes, but this is not enough. A change in the business attitude and leadership approach of the organizations that operate in the industry is needed. Only through the successful combination of new technologies and forward-looking decision-making will it be possible to alter the status quo and deal with the multiple environmental challenges that businesses are and will be facing.
  • 839
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Peptides and Their Mechanism of Action
Despite the great strides in healthcare during the last century, some challenges still remained unanswered. The development of multi-drug resistant bacteria, the alarming growth of fungal infections, the emerging/re-emerging of viral diseases are yet a worldwide threat. Since the discovery of natural antimicrobial peptides able to broadly hit several pathogens, peptide-based therapeutics have been under the lenses of the researchers. Antimicrobial peptides generally affect highly preserved structures, e.g., the phospholipid membrane via pore formation or other constitutive targets like peptidoglycans in Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and glucan in the fungal cell wall. Additionally, some peptides are particularly active on biofilm destabilizing the microbial communities. They can also act intracellularly, e.g., on protein biosynthesis or DNA replication. Their intracellular properties are extended upon viral infection since peptides can influence several steps along the virus life cycle starting from viral receptor-cell interaction to the budding. Besides their mode of action, improvements in manufacturing to increase their half-life and performances are also taken into consideration together with advantages and impairments in the clinical usage. Thus far, the progress of new synthetic peptide-based approaches is making them a promising tool to counteract emerging infections.
  • 838
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bioactive compounds from the Gut of Grey Mullets
Fish gut represents a peculiar ecological niche where bacteria can transit and reside to play vital roles by producing bio-compounds with nutritional, immunomodulatory and other functions. This complex microbial ecosystem reflects several factors (environment, feeding regimen, fish species etc.). The objective of the present study was the identification of intestinal microbial strains able to produce molecules called biosurfactants (BSs) which were tested for surface and antibacterial activity in order to select a group of probiotic bacteria for aquaculture use. This works indicated that fish gut is a source of bioactive compounds which deserves to be explored for applicative purposes.
  • 837
  • 28 Dec 2021
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