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Topic Review
Reactive Species-Activatable AIEgens for Biomedical Applications
Precision medicine requires highly sensitive and specific diagnostic strategies with high spatiotemporal resolution. Accurate detection and monitoring of endogenously generated biomarkers at the very early disease stage is of extensive importance for precise diagnosis and treatment. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have emerged as a new type of excellent optical agents, which show great promise for numerous biomedical applications. Advances of AIE-based probes for detecting reactive species (including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), reactive sulfur species (RSS), and reactive carbonyl species (RCS)) and related biomedical applications are introduced. The molecular design strategies for increasing the sensitivity, tuning the response wavelength, and realizing afterglow imaging are summarized, and theranostic applications in reactive species-related major diseases such as cancer, inflammation, and vascular diseases are reviewed.
  • 545
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Stimuli-Responsive Hydrogels for Protein Delivery
Proteins and peptides are potential therapeutic agents, but their physiochemical properties make their use as drug substances challenging. Hydrogels are hydrophilic polymeric networks that can swell and retain high amounts of water or biological fluids without being dissolved. Due to their biocompatibility, their porous structure, which enables the transport of various peptides and proteins, and their protective effect against degradation, hydrogels have gained prominence as ideal carriers for these molecules’ delivery. Particularly, stimuli-responsive hydrogels exhibit physicochemical transitions in response to subtle modifications in the surrounding environment, leading to the controlled release of entrapped proteins or peptides. 
  • 544
  • 18 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nanocomposite Preparation Methods
Synthetic plastics are commonly used because they exhibit sufficient characteristics for packaging requirements, but their end lives result in environmental pollution, the depletion of landfill space, rising sea pollution, and more. These exist because of their poor biodegradability, limited recyclability, etc. There has been an increasing demand for replacing these polymers with bio-based biodegradable materials for a sustainable environment. Cellulosic nanomaterials have been proposed as a potential substitute in the preparation of packaging films. Cellulose can be extracted from different sources, such as wood, agricultural by-products, annual plants, and marine algae. There are two forms of nanocellulose extracted from plant fibers: cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs).
  • 538
  • 29 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Nature-Inspired Cellulose-Based Active Materials
Multifunctional materials and devices with captivating properties can be assembled from cellulose and cellulose-based composite materials combining functionality with structural performance. Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable materials with captivating properties, such as mechanical robustness, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Cellulose is a low-cost and abundant biodegradable resource, CO2 neutral, with a wide variety of fibers available all over the world. Over thousands of years, nature has perfected cellulose-based materials according to their needs, such as function vs. structure. Mimicking molecular structures at the nano-, micro-, and macroscales existing in nature is a great strategy to produce synthetic cellulose-based active materials. 
  • 525
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Biodegradable Polymer-Based Drug-Delivery Systems for Ocular Diseases
Ocular drug delivery is a challenging field due to the unique anatomical and physiological barriers of the eye. Biodegradable polymers have emerged as promising tools for efficient and controlled drug delivery in ocular diseases.
  • 514
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Polysaccharides for Preparation of Adsorbents for Water Treatment
Adsorption processes, due to their technical simplicity and cost-effectiveness, have arisen as one of the most well-known, straightforward solutions to water pollution. In this context, polysaccharides, due to their abundance, biodegradability, and biocompatibility, are appealing raw materials for the design of adsorbents.
  • 492
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Required Properties of the Corneal Endothelial Implants
Treating corneal diseases arising from injury to the corneal endothelium necessitates donor tissue, but these corneas are extremely scarce. As a result, researchers are dedicating significant efforts to exploring alternative approaches that do not rely on donor tissues. Among these, creating a tissue-engineered scaffold on which corneal endothelial cells can be transplanted holds particular fascination. Numerous functional materials, encompassing natural, semi-synthetic, and synthetic polymers, have already been studied in this regard.
  • 490
  • 17 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Wide Structural Variety and Applications of Dendrimers
Dendrimers are hyper-branched macromolecules characterized by large numbers of end-group functionalities and a compact molecular structure. They consist of a central core molecule where multiple branches emerge, giving rise to a hierarchical and well-defined architecture.
  • 489
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Polymer-Based Self-Assembled Drug Delivery Systems for Glaucoma Treatment
Glaucoma has become the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, and one of its main characteristics is high intraocular pressure. Currently, the non-surgical drug treatment scheme to reduce intraocular pressure is a priority method for glaucoma treatment. However, the complex and special structure of the eye poses significant challenges to the treatment effect and safety adherence of this drug treatment approach. To address these challenges, the application of polymer-based self-assembled drug delivery systems in glaucoma treatment has emerged.
  • 485
  • 22 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Biomedical Applications of Bimetallic Coordination Polymers
Bimetallic coordination polymers (CPs) have two different metal ions as connecting nodes in their polymer structure. The synthesis methods of bimetallic CPs are mainly categorized into the one-pot method and post-synthesis modifications according to various needs. Compared with monometallic CPs, bimetallic CPs have synergistic effects and excellent properties, such as higher gas adsorption rate, more efficient catalytic properties, stronger luminescent properties, and more stable loading platforms, which have been widely applied in the fields of gas adsorption, catalysis, energy storage as well as conversion, and biosensing.
  • 460
  • 06 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Electrospinning Inorganic Nanomaterials
Tissue engineering (TE) has attracted the widespread attention of the research community as a method of producing patient-specific tissue constructs for the repair and replacement of injured tissues. Different types of scaffold materials have been developed for various tissues and organs. The choice of scaffold material should take into consideration whether the mechanical properties, biodegradability, biocompatibility, and bioresorbability meet the physiological properties of the tissues.
  • 455
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Graphene-Based Composites for Biomedical Applications
The application of graphene-based materials in medicine has led to significant technological breakthroughs. The remarkable properties of these carbon materials and their potential for functionalization with various molecules and compounds make them highly attractive for numerous medical applications. To enhance their functionality and applicability, extensive research has been conducted on surface modification of graphene (GN) and its derivatives, including modifications with antimicrobials, metals, polymers, and natural compounds. 
  • 452
  • 22 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Small Angle Neutron Scattering on Nanostructured Polysaccharide Materials
Polysaccharide materials and biomaterials gain the focus of intense research owing to their great versatility in chemical structures and modification possibilities, as well as their biocompatibility, degradability, and sustainability features.
  • 422
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Interactions of Cells and Biomaterials for Nervous System
Neural injuries affect millions globally, significantly impacting their quality of life. The inability of these injuries to heal, limited ability to regenerate, and the lack of available treatments make regenerative medicine and tissue engineering a promising field of research for developing methods for nerve repair.
  • 408
  • 15 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Design of Composite Fibers for Brain
The brain consists of an interconnected network of neurons tightly packed in the extracellular matrix (ECM) to form complex and heterogeneous composite tissue. According to recent biomimicry approaches that consider biological features as active components of biomaterials, designing a highly reproducible microenvironment for brain cells can represent a key tool for tissue repair and regeneration. Indeed, this is crucial to support cell growth, mitigate inflammation phenomena and provide adequate structural properties needed to support the damaged tissue, corroborating the activity of the vascular network and ultimately the functionality of neurons. In this context, electro-fluid dynamic techniques (EFDTs), i.e., electrospinning, electrospraying and related techniques, offer the opportunity to engineer a wide variety of composite substrates by integrating fibers, particles, and hydrogels at different scales—from several hundred microns down to tens of nanometers—for the generation of countless patterns of physical and biochemical cues suitable for influencing the in vitro response of coexistent brain cell populations mediated by the surrounding microenvironment.
  • 403
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Biomaterials
The science related to biomaterials and tissue engineering accounts for a growing part of our knowledge. Surface modifications of biomaterials, their performance in vitro, and the interaction between them and surrounding tissues are gaining more and more attention. Mass Spectrometry Imaging (MSI) techniques are able to measure the information about molecular composition simultaneously from biomaterial and adjacent tissue. That is why it can answer the questions connected with biomaterial characteristics and their biological influence.
  • 398
  • 27 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Single-Atom Nanozymes for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy
Nanozymes, which combine enzyme-like catalytic activity and the biological properties of nanomaterials, have been widely used in biomedical fields. Single-atom nanozymes (SANs) with atomically dispersed metal centers exhibit excellent biological catalytic activity due to the maximization of atomic utilization efficiency, unique metal coordination structures, and metal–support interaction, and their structure–activity relationship can also be clearly investigated. Therefore, they have become an emerging alternative to natural enzymes. 
  • 397
  • 24 Nov 2023
Topic Review
The Use of Biosorbents in Water Treatment
Biological materials used to adsorb pollutants from water.
  • 277
  • 11 Jul 2025
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