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Topic Review
Passive Intermodulation at Contacts of Rough Conductors
Passive intermodulation (PIM) is a nonlinear phenomenon causing frequency mixing and harmonic generation. PIM products, generated by weak nonlinearities of passive devices, interfere with information signals and degrade the performance of communications, navigation and astronomical systems. The passive nonlinearities of different types: electrical, thermal and mechanical are coupled intrinsically despite their different time scales. Roughness of the contact surfaces notably enhances the PIM effect at conductor joints. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Foundation Fieldbus
Other than 4-20 mA analogue standard which is the most popular analogue standard in the field of industrial automation, smart transmitters based on wired digital communication protocols such as Foundation Fieldbus might be a good alternative to consider for the purpose of improved performance and increased reliability in measurement and control process. 
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles in Pennsylvania
In recent years, the popularity of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased dramatically, as numerous manufacturers now have vehicles competing in the United States EV market. The state of Pennsylvania has focused some legislation on the spread of EVs as it plans to further decrease its carbon emissions in the transportation sector. Infrastructure updates including fast charging stations, sales and tax incentives are being rolled out to help facilitate this growth. In addition, there are also some alternatives to EV's that are more fuel efficient than traditional gasoline powered vehicles.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Control in Micro-Grid Systems
The demand for electricity is increased due to the development of the industry, the electrification of transport, the rise of household demand, and the increase in demand for digitally connected devices and air conditioning systems. For that, solutions and actions should be developed for greater consumers of electricity. For instance, MG (Micro-grid) buildings are one of the main consumers of electricity, and if they are correctly constructed, controlled, and operated, significant energy savings can be attained. As a solution, hybrid RES (renewable energy source) systems are proposed, offering the possibility for simple consumers to be producers of electricity. This hybrid system contains different renewable generators connected to energy storage systems, making it possible to locally produce a part of energy in order to minimize the consumption from the utility grid. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Lithium-Ion Cell Temperature Estimation Techniques
A solution is to develop a suitable estimation strategy which led scholars to propose different temperature estimation schemes aiming to establish a balance among accuracy, adaptability, modelling complexity and computational cost. This article presented an exhaustive review of these estimation strategies covering recent developments, current issues, major challenges, and future research recommendations. The prime intention is to provide a detailed guideline to researchers and industries towards developing a highly accurate, intelligent, adaptive, easy-to-implement and computationally efficient online temperature estimation strategy applicable to health-conscious fast charging and smart onboard BMS. Full Paper:https://doi.org/10.3390/en14185960
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping Techniques for Autonomous Vehicles
The advancements in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) as well as increasing demand for vehicular safety has led to significant progressions in Autonomous Vehicle (AV) technology. Perception and Localisation are major operations that determine the success of AV development and usage. Therefore, significant research has been carried out to provide AVs with the capabilities to not only sense and understand their surroundings efficiently, but also provide detailed information of the environment in the form of 3D maps. Visual Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping (V-SLAM) has been utilised to enable a vehicle understand its surroundings, map the environment, and identify its position within the area.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Nov 2022
Biography
Tarek Elfouly
Besancon University Besancon, France Ph.D. Degree in Computer Automation. (Jan, 2000) Thesis title: Modelling, simulation and control of manufacturing systems using a multi model approach. Research Areas: Petri Nets, Multi-models, manufacturing systems, modeling and simulation UFR University Besancon, France DEA in Computer and Automation. (June, 1996) Thesis title: MODSIM & SIMCOM computer t
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Radio Signals-Based Positioning
The rapid expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine Learning (ML) has significantly increased the demand for Location-Based Services (LBS). Among these services, indoor positioning and navigation have emerged as crucial components, driving the growth of indoor localization systems. However, using GPS in indoor environments is impractical, leading to a surge in interest in Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and machine learning-based algorithms for in-building localization and navigation.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Jun 2023
Topic Review
THz Sensing of Human Skin
The non-ionizing and non-invasive nature of THz radiation, combined with its high sensitivity to water, has made THz imaging and spectroscopy highly attractive for in vivo biomedical applications for many years. Among them, the skin is primarily investigated due to the short penetration depth of THz waves caused by the high attenuation by water in biological samples. A complete model of skin describing the THz-skin interaction to reveal the optical properties of the skin from the measured THz spectrum is needed. It is crucial that the correct model is used, not just to ensure compatibility between different works, but more importantly to ensure the reliability of the data and conclusions.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Printing Methods to Fabricate Receptor Layers of Gas Sensors
Printing technologies are nowadays an integral element of contemporary materials science applied to development of low-cost gas sensors and multisensor arrays for many applications including a development of lab-on- chips. These protocols ensure automating of technological processes, a reproducibility of microstructural and functional characteristics with a reduced time necessary for the receptor material deposition over substrates. At the same time, using an accurate positioning system improves significantly the targeting of the substance, while the dosing setups allow to ensure a high control over the volume of discretely or continuously applied inks. The printing technologies enable forming planar receptor structures, even under a complex geometry, at various thicknesses and porosity with the required spatial resolution to be in nanometer micrometer ranges. Some methods, as dip-pen nanolithography, nano-imprinting lithography, and microcontact printing, are more suitable for discrete miniature devices with unique characteristics owing to the labor-intensive and multi-step procedures, while other ones, as ink-jet printing, aerosol jet printing or microextrusion printing, can be used quite easily in scaling the procedures to design gas sensors, including a rapid tuning of their geometric parameters without a necessity to prepare appropriate stencils and masks in advance. While designing the gas-sensor receptor materials, a great variety of printing technologies are used these days which vary both in the principle of operation and in such parameters as printing speed, spatial resolution, thickness of the formed coatings, and their microstructure, etc.
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Off-Road Detection Analysis for Autonomous Ground Vehicles
When it comes to some essential abilities of autonomous ground vehicles (AGV), detection is one of them. In order to safely navigate through any known or unknown environment, AGV must be able to detect important elements on the path. Detection is applicable both on-road and off-road, but they are much different in each environment. The key elements of any environment that AGV must identify are the drivable pathway and whether there are any obstacles around it. Many works have been published focusing on different detection components in various ways.
  • 1.3K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Technologies for 3D Localization
Due to the uniqueness of each indoor environment and the immaturity and cost of various technologies (e.g., UWB, mmWave), there are no established standards for indoor positioning systems yet. In practice, each installation is adapted to spatial dimensions, structural materials, accuracy specifications and budget restrictions. Therefore, several different wireless positioning techniques and algorithms are currently being utilized and several more have been reported in the literature, which take advantage of Radio Access Technologies (RATs) such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Ultrawideband (UWB), mmWave, cellular (2G–6G), etc. The importance of such technologies is their integration in modern smart devices. Alternative non-radio technologies applied in modern systems are ultrasound, inertial sensors and Visible Light Communication (VLC).
  • 1.2K
  • 12 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Wearable Sensing Systems
Wearable devices are powerful tools for supporting IoT systems because of their sensing, processing, and communication capability. The term wearable devices cover a wide range of products integrated into clothing and accessories worn by the user and constantly connected to other intelligent electronic systems and the Internet network, allowing the detection, storage, and exchange of data in real-time and without human intervention. Particularly, they allow detection of patients’ vital parameters (e.g., heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation- (SpO2), body temperature, blood pressure (BP), etc.)
  • 1.2K
  • 13 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Electrochemical Detection of CTC
CTC is the main target of liquid biopsy. In the past few decades, the separation of CTC based on the electrochemical method has attracted widespread attention due to its convenience, rapidness, low cost, high sensitivity, and no need for complex instruments and equipment. In this review, we summarized the latest developments in the electrochemical-based CTC detection, and discussed the challenges and possible trends.
  • 1.2K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
The 5G Spectrum Standardization
The rapid increase in data traffic caused by the proliferation of smart devices has spurred the demand for extremely large-capacity wireless networks. Thus, faster data transmission rates and greater spectral efficiency have become critical requirements in modern-day networks. The ubiquitous 5G is an end-to-end network capable of accommodating billions of linked devices and offering high-performance broadcast services due to its several enabling technologies.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Congestion Alleviation in the Deregulated Power System
Economic and geographical constraints led to reforms and deregulations in the power system to utilize resources optimally within the existing framework. The major hindrance in the efficient operation of the deregulated power system (DPS) is congestion, which is the result of the participation of private players under deregulation policies.
  • 1.2K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Routing Protocols for Mobile IoT
IoT (Internet of Things) is the connection of devices to the Internet where devices are able to communicate with each other and their users, such as cameras, medical sensors, light-bulbs, and smoke alarms. IoT allows devices to assist daily routines, such as cars can be synced with calendars for appointment or meeting tracking to plan the best routes. According to the research done by IDC, there are already 13 billion connected devices in use worldwide in 2017 and the number could reach over 40 billion by 2025.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Oct 2021
Topic Review
BESS Performance in Providing Various Electricity Market Services
The Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is one of the possible solutions to overcoming the non-programmability associated with these energy sources. The capabilities of BESSs to store a consistent amount of energy and to behave as a load by releasing it ensures an essential source of flexibility to the power system.
  • 1.2K
  • 28 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Dye Sensitized Solar Cells
DSSCs are functional and efficient even in diffuse light, therefore they can generate electricity in the morning, evening and even indoors. Even as silicon prices fall and silicon-based photovoltaics become cheaper, DSSCs have great potential as they can be used in additional applications such as indoor and diffuse light. With a variety of fields of application, huge quantities of DSSCs could be produced in the future. With low production costs and no necessity for toxic compounds DSSCs are a potential product, which could circulate in the loops of a circular economy.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Interconnects (Integrated Circuits)
In integrated circuits (ICs), interconnects are structures that connect two or more circuit elements (such as transistors) together electrically. The design and layout of interconnects on an IC is vital to its proper function, performance, power efficiency, reliability, and fabrication yield. The material interconnects are made from depends on many factors. Chemical and mechanical compatibility with the semiconductor substrate, and the dielectric in between the levels of interconnect is necessary, otherwise barrier layers are needed. Suitability for fabrication is also required; some chemistries and processes prevent integration of materials and unit processes into a larger technology (recipe) for IC fabrication. In fabrication, interconnects are formed during the back-end-of-line after the fabrication of the transistors on the substrate. Interconnects are classified as local or global interconnects depending on the signal propagation distance it is able to support. The width and thickness of the interconnect, as well as the material from which it is made, are some of the significant factors that determine the distance a signal may propagate. Local interconnects connect circuit elements that are very close together, such as transistors separated by ten or so other contiguously laid out transistors. Global interconnects can transmit further, such as over large-area sub-circuits. Consequently, local interconnects may be formed from materials with relatively high electrical resistivity such as polycrystalline silicon (sometimes silicided to extend its range) or tungsten. To extend the distance an interconnect may reach, various circuits such as buffers or restorers may be inserted at various points along a long interconnect.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Oct 2022
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