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Topic Review
Smart Tourism City
A smart tourism city is defined as an innovative and sustainable city that achieves economic and social values and enhances the city’s competitiveness by collecting, analyzing, visualizing, and modeling real-time big data generated throughout the city and sharing it with all stakeholders of the smart tourism ecosystem. By reviewing the estimation standards proposed by numerous organizations for assessing a smart tourism city, we can identify how a smart tourism city is perceived.
  • 3.0K
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Apostolic Administrator
An apostolic administrator in the Catholic Church is a prelate appointed by the Pope to serve as the ordinary for an apostolic administration. An apostolic administration can either be an area that is not yet a diocese (a stable 'pre-diocesan', usually missionary apostolic administration) or for a diocese, eparchy or similar permanent ordinariate (such a territorial prelature or a territorial abbacy) that either has no bishop (an apostolic administrator sede vacante, as after an episcopal death or resignation) or, in very rare cases, has an incapacitated bishop (apostolic administrator sede plena).
  • 3.0K
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Artificial Intelligence in Special Education
This entry examines the growing role of artificial intelligence (AI) in special education. The authors discuss applications of AI in the field, including its uses for personalized learning, adaptive technologies, teacher support, and AI’s potential to address issues related to student accessibility and engagement. The entry draws on recent syntheses of literature, highlighting studies that reveal AI’s capacity to improve educational outcomes for students with disabilities, mitigate teacher workload, and foster inclusion. Despite these promising developments, the authors address ethical considerations, potential biases, and privacy concerns surrounding the use of AI, as well as the need for high-quality research that validates AI’s effectiveness in special education. The authors conclude that while AI can offer substantial support, it should be integrated thoughtfully, guided by empirical research, and accompanied by skilled professional oversight to ensure that it truly benefits students with disabilities.
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Jan 2025
Topic Review
Reversible Hydrogen Storage
In the field of energy storage, recently investigated nanocomposites show promise in terms of high hydrogen uptake and release with enhancement in the reaction kinetics. Among several, carbonaceous nanovariants like carbon nanotubes (CNTs), fullerenes, and graphitic nanofibers reveal reversible hydrogen sorption characteristics at 77 K, due to their van der Waals interaction. The spillover mechanism combining Pd nanoparticles on the host metal-organic framework (MOF) show at room temperature uptake of hydrogen. Metal or complex hydrides either in the nanocomposite form and its subset, nanocatalyst dispersed alloy phases illustrate the concept of nanoengineering and nanoconfinement of particles with tailor-made properties for reversible hydrogen storage. Another class of materials comprising polymeric nanostructures such as conducting polyaniline and their functionalized nanocomposites are versatile hydrogen storage materials because of their unique size, high specific surface-area, pore-volume, and bulk properties. The salient features of nanocomposite materials for reversible hydrogen storage are reviewed and discussed.
  • 3.0K
  • 22 Jul 2020
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Module Degradation
An evaluation of the degradation effects on photovoltaic modules is essential to minimise uncertainties in the system operation. Bifacial photovoltaic technology is attracting attention due to the capacity of generating energy from the front and rear sides. The term degradation is defined as a gradual deterioration of the characteristics of a material, component, or system. This deterioration may cause an impact on the system capacity to operate within the expected limits and therefore impact directly on their operating conditions.
  • 3.0K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Tayra
The Tayra (Eira barbara) is a sleek and agile carnivorous mammal native to the forests of Central and South America. Also known as the "tolomuco" or "tolomuco real," this elusive mustelid is characterized by its slender body, dark fur, and a distinctive, bushy tail.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Probabilistic Optimization Techniques in Smart Power System
Stochastic programming is used to solve optimization problems in which the majority of the parameters are probabilistic. Probabilistic optimization can make efficient use of information, both in terms of selecting evaluation points and the message they convey. It can handle many sorts of noise and adapts to various aspects of optimization issues. Unlike deterministic optimization, probabilistic optimization techniques discover the best solution for data with randomness.
  • 3.0K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Internet Addiction Disorder
Internet addiction disorder (IAD), sometimes also called pathologic/problematic internet use (PIU), is widely defined in terms of an impulse control disorder characterized by uncontrolled Internet use. The disorder is associated with significant functional impairment and/or clinically measurable distress, anxiety, depression, and other psychopathological symptom.
  • 3.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Skin Tissue Engineering Application
Skin tissue engineering has made remarkable progress in wound healing treatment with the advent of newer fabrication strategies using natural/synthetic polymers and stem cells. Currently, stem cells and biomaterials are popularly used in the skin tissue engineering approach in different wound healing treatments. In skin tissue engineering application, stem cell facilitates in the regeneration of disintegrated tissue. Whereas, biomaterials serve as a platform to improve the engraftment of implanted cells and facilitate the function of exogenous cells by mimicking the tissue microenvironment. Hence, the combination and synergistic effect of biomaterials and stem cells have the potential to broaden the application of skin tissue engineering in wound healing treatment therapies.  
  • 3.0K
  • 19 May 2021
Topic Review
Oscillatory Spinning Drop Interfacial Rheology
The oscillatory spinning drop method has been proven recently to be an accurate technique to measure dilational interfacial rheological properties. It is the only available equipment for measuring dilational moduli in low interfacial tension systems, as is the case in applications dealing with surfactant-oil-water three-phase behavior like enhanced oil recovery, crude oil dehydration, or extreme microemulsion solubilization. Different systems can be studied with this method with the lower density phase as the spinning drop, i.e, oil-in-water, microemulsion-in-water, oil-in-microemulsion, including systems with the presence of complex natural surfactants like asphaltene aggregates or particles. The technique allows studying the characteristics and properties of water/oil interfaces, particularly when the oil contains asphaltenes and when surfactants are present. We have found that using the oscillating spinning drop method to measure interfacial rheology properties can help make precise measurements in a reasonable amount of time. This is of significance when systems with long equilibration times, e.g., asphaltene or high molecular weight surfactant-containing systems are measured, or with systems formulated with a demulsifier which is generally associated with optimum formulation and a low interfacial tension.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Sep 2024
Topic Review
Advantages and Disadvantages of Commercial Rootstocks for Peaches
Prunus is a genus from the Rosaceae family that encompasses about 230 species that are widely distributed across the world. Three-quarters of the Prunus species are native to Asia, Europe, and North America, and the remaining other species are native to the subtropical and tropical forests of Asia, Africa, South America, and Australia. The most common recent ancestor of Amygdalus was widespread from West Asia to Eastern Asia (China) ~50 million years ago, with a subsequent diversification into almonds in West Asia and peaches in Eastern Asia.
  • 3.0K
  • 15 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride
Plasticized polyvinyl chloride (p-PVC)—widely present in modern and contemporary art collections as objects, clothing and footwear, furniture and upholstery, and housewares and toys—is known to deteriorate very rapidly in museum collections. The tendency of colorless p-PVC-based objects to yellowing-browning in combination with stickiness and cracking are the main issues of this important plastic material, which require the attention of conservation scientists in cooperation with conservators, engineers, curators, and art historians.
  • 3.0K
  • 19 Dec 2023
Topic Review
MEMS Actuators for Fiber-Optic Endoscopes
Endoscopes are used routinely in modern medicine for in-vivo imaging of luminal organs. Technical advances in the micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and optical fields have enabled the further miniaturization of endoscopes, resulting in the ability to image previously inaccessible small-caliber luminal organs, enabling the early detection of lesions and other abnormalities in these tissues. A large number of optical devices have been researched and developed for imaging purposes. Among these, optical coherence tomography (OCT), confocal microscopy (CM), and photoacoustic (PA) imaging are the predominant ones. The size of an endoscope is highly dependent on the actuation and scanning method used to illuminate the target image area. Different actuation methods used in the design of small-sized cantilever-based endoscopes are reviewed in here along with their working principles, advantages and disadvantages, generated scanning patterns, and applications.
  • 3.0K
  • 13 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Optical Sensors for Oil/Gas Applications
The sensing requirements of the Oil & Gas industry for improved sensing in deeper zones include increased transmission length, improved spatial coverage and integration of multiple sensors with multimodal sensing capability. This imposes problems like signal attenuation, crosstalks and cross sensitivities. Optical fibre-based sensors are expected to provide superior sensing capabilities compared to traditional electrical sensors. 
  • 3.0K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Agricultural Electrostatic Spraying
Agricultural electrostatic spraying technology is superior to non-electrostatic spraying technology. Electrostatic droplets have better “adhesion, penetration, and encircling ability” in crops. Electrostatic spraying technology is used to charge droplets to induce an electric field on the surface of the crop leaves, thus adsorbing electrostatic droplets and achieving directional movement of the charged droplets.
  • 3.0K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Computer Reservation System
A computer reservation system or central reservation system (CRS) is a computerized system used to store and retrieve information and conduct transactions related to air travel, hotels, car rental, or other activities. Originally designed and operated by airlines, CRSs were later extended for the use of travel agencies. Global distribution systems (GDS) book and sell tickets for multiple airlines. Most airlines have outsourced their CRSs to GDS companies, which also enable consumer access through Internet gateways. Modern GDS's typically allow users to book hotel rooms, rental cars, airline tickets as well as other activities and tours. They also provide access to railway reservations and bus reservations in some markets, although these are not always integrated with the main system. These are also used to relay computerized information for users in the hotel industry, making reservation and ensuring that the hotel is not overbooked. Airline reservations systems may be integrated into a larger passenger service system, which also includes an airline inventory system and a departure control system.
  • 3.0K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation
Targeted Muscle Reinnervation (TMR) is considered to be an innovative and relevant surgical technique for improving the prosthetic control for people with different amputation levels of the limb. Indeed, TMR surgery makes it possible to obtain reinnervated areas that act as biological amplifiers of the motor control. On the technological side, a great deal of research has been conducted in order to evaluate various types of myoelectric prosthetic control strategies, whether direct control or pattern recognition-based control. In the literature, different control performance metrics, which have been evaluated on TMR subjects, have been introduced, but no accepted reference standard defines the better strategy for evaluating the prosthetic control. Indeed, the presence of several evaluation tests that are based on different metrics makes it difficult the definition of standard guidelines for comprehending the potentiality of the proposed control systems. Additionally, there is a lack of evidence about the comparison of different evaluation approaches or the presence of guidelines on the most suitable test to proceed for a TMR patients case study. This review aims at identifying these limitations byexamining the several studies in the literature on TMR subjects, with different amputation levels, and proposing a standard method for evaluating the control performance metrics.
  • 3.0K
  • 31 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Viroids
Viroids are a group of infectious plant lncRNAs that are composed of RNA genomes and replicate by using the host enzymatic activities.
  • 3.0K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
Endothelial Cell (EC) dysfunction is one of the first triggers initiating the process of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH). EC dysfunction leads to the activation of several cellular signalling pathways in the endothelium, resulting in the uncontrolled proliferation of ECs, pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells, and fibroblasts, and eventually leads to vascular remodelling and the occlusion of the pulmonary blood vessels. Other factors that are related to EC dysfunction in PAH are an increase in endothelial to mesenchymal transition, inflammation, apoptosis, and thrombus formation.
  • 3.0K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Oleaginous Yeasts
The production of lipids from oleaginous yeasts involves several stages starting from cultivation and lipid accumulation, biomass harvesting and finally lipids extraction. However, the complex and relatively resistant cell wall of yeasts limits the full recovery of intracellular lipids and usually solvent extraction is not sufficient to effectively extract the lipid bodies. A pretreatment or cell disruption method is hence a prerequisite prior to solvent extraction. In general, there are no recovery methods that are equally efficient for different species of oleaginous yeasts.
  • 3.0K
  • 08 Feb 2021
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