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Topic Review
Grape Ripe Rot Caused by the Colletotrichum Complex
Grape ripe rot, which is predominantly caused by the Colletotrichum species, presents a growing threat to global grape cultivation. This threat is amplified by the increasing populations of the Colletotrichum species in response to warmer climates.
  • 1.1K
  • 21 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Motility of the Zoonotic Spirochete Leptospira
If a bacterium has motility, it will use the ability to survive and thrive. For many pathogenic species, their motilities are a crucial virulence factor. The form of motility varies among the species. Some use flagella for swimming in liquid, and others use the cell-surface machinery to move over solid surfaces. Spirochetes are distinguished from other bacterial species by their helical or flat wave morphology and periplasmic flagella (PFs). It is believed that the rotation of PFs beneath the outer membrane causes transformation or rolling of the cell body, propelling the spirochetes. Interestingly, some spirochetal species exhibit motility both in liquid and over surfaces, but it is not fully unveiled how the spirochete pathogenicity involves such amphibious motility.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Periodontal Abscess
A periodontal abscess (also termed lateral abscess, or parietal abscess), is a localized collection of pus (i.e. an abscess) within the tissues of the periodontium. It is a type of dental abscess. A periodontal abscess occurs alongside a tooth, and is different from the more common periapical abscess, which represents the spread of infection from a dead tooth (i.e. which has undergone pulpal necrosis). To reflect this, sometimes the term "lateral (periodontal) abscess" is used. In contrast to a periapical abscess, periodontal abscesses are usually associated with a vital (living) tooth. Abscesses of the periodontium are acute bacterial infections classified primarily by location.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Antifungal Preservation of Food by Lactic Acid Bacteria
Fungal growth and consequent mycotoxin release in food and feed threatens human health, which might even, in acute cases, lead to death. Control and prevention of foodborne poisoning is a major task of public health that will be faced in the 21st century. Nowadays, consumers increasingly demand healthier and more natural food with minimal use of chemical preservatives, whose negative effects on human health are well known. Biopreservation is among the safest and most reliable methods for inhibiting fungi in food. Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of great interest as biological additives in food owing to their Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) classification and probiotic properties. LAB produce bioactive compounds such as reuterin, cyclic peptides, fatty acids, etc., with antifungal properties.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Microbiota-Derived Butyrate in Colorectal Cancer
Butyrate is one of the main short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties in colorectal cancer (CRC). Increased daily intake of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) significantly increases the density of bacteria that are known to produce butyrate. Omega-3 PUFAs have been proposed as a treatment to prevent gut microbiota dysregulation and lower the risk or progression of CRC.
  • 1.1K
  • 17 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Epstein–Barr Virus-Positive Mucocutaneous Ulcer
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-positive mucocutaneous ulcer (EBVMCU)  is a unifocal mucosal or cutaneous ulcer that often occurs after local trauma in patients with immunosuppression; the patients generally have a good prognosis. It is histologically characterized by proliferating EBV-positive atypical B cells accompanied by ulcers.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Antibiotic Resistance among Gastrointestinal Bacteria in Broilers
Chickens can acquire bacteria at different stages, and bacterial diversity can occur due to production practices, diet, and environment. The changes in consumer trends have led to increased animal production, and chicken meat is one of the most consumed meats. To ensure high levels of production, antimicrobials have been used in livestock for therapeutic purposes, disease prevention, and growth promotion, contributing to the development of antimicrobial resistance across the resident microbiota. Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal microbiota of chickens that can develop strains capable of causing a wide range of diseases, i.e., opportunistic pathogens. Enterococcus spp. isolated from broilers have shown resistance to at least seven classes of antibiotics, while E. coli have shown resistance to at least four. 
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Factors Affecting Microbiome Establishment in Rumens
Within the ruminant intestines, a diverse array of microbiota predominates, predominantly comprised of bacteria with a specialized role in breaking down intricate nutrients like cellulose and hemicellulose. This breakdown results in the conversion of these complex compounds into simpler constituents, such as glucose, which ultimately facilitates the assimilation of nutrients. The composition of these microbial communities within the rumen is contingent on a multitude of factors. These include breed, age, external environment, diet, and nutritional factors. Moreover, other variables, such as the process of weaning, energy requirements, and the presence of potentially toxic metabolic byproducts, can also exert an impact on the microbial composition and abundance within the rumen. External factors, including heat stress, psychological stress, environmental conditions, and dietary patterns, can likewise pose threats to the stability of rumen microflora.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Physiology of Methylotrophic Yeasts
Methanol is abundant in the phyllosphere, the surface of the above-ground parts of plants, and its concentration oscillates diurnally. The phyllosphere is one of the major habitats for a group of microorganisms, the so-called methylotrophs, that utilize one-carbon (C1) compounds, such as methanol and methane, as their sole source of carbon and energy. Among phyllospheric microorganisms, methanol-utilizing yeasts can proliferate and survive in the phyllosphere by using unique molecular and cellular mechanisms to adapt to the stressful phyllosphere environment. 
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori Biofilms
Microbial biofilm is defined as a structured consortium of cells immersed in a self-produced matrix. It is worth mentioning, however, that the biofilm may also include host components, e.g., fibrin, antibodies, platelets, or leukocytes. Biofilms can be attached to an abiotic or biotic surface, but they can also constitute a mobile, non-adhered structure floating in culture broth or body fluids.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Helicobacter pylori in oral cavity from ITP patient
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by isolated cryptogenic thrombocytopenia due to a transient or persistent reduction in platelet count.　However, there have been no studies regarding H. pylori in the oral cavity of patients with ITP. Here, we describe a patient with ITP whose oral samples exhibited H. pylori. A 64-year-old woman with ITP came to our hospital with chief complaints that required oral surgery, including tooth extraction and cystectomy. Bacterial DNA of H. pylori was confirmed on the extracted tooth, but was not detected in saliva taken at the time. Bacterial DNA of H. pylori was detected on the suture around the extraction socket, which was removed at 10 days postoperatively. However, H. pylori DNA was not detected in other oral samples at 10 or 30 days postoperatively. The urea breath test was carried out in the gastrointestinal clinic at 60 days postoperatively, which revealed no presence of H. pylori in the gastrointestinal tract. These results suggest that teeth with severe bacterial infections may be a potential reservoir of H. pylori of patients with ITP.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP)
Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a sensitive molecular tool suitable for use as a near point-of-care test for the diagnosis of malaria.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Gut-Skin Microbiota Axis in Diabetic Wound Healing
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are a growing concern worldwide as they pose complications in routine clinical practices such as diagnosis and management. Bacterial interactions on the skin surface are vital to the pathophysiology of DFU and may control delayed wound healing. 
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ubiquitination System
Ubiquitination of proteins, like phosphorylation and acetylation, is an important regulatory aspect influencing numerous and various cell processes, such as immune response signaling and autophagy. The study of ubiquitination has become essential to learning about host–pathogen interactions, and a better understanding of the detailed mechanisms through which pathogens affect ubiquitination processes in host cell will contribute to vaccine development and effective treatment of diseases. 
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Engineered Bacteria in the Detoxification of Heavy Metals
Heavy metal (HM) exposure remains a global occupational and environmental problem that creates a hazard to general health. Even low-level exposure to toxic metals contributes to the pathogenesis of various metabolic and immunological diseases, whereas, in this process, the gut microbiota serves as a major target and mediator of HM bioavailability and toxicity. Specifically, a picture is emerging from recent investigations identifying specific probiotic species to counteract the noxious effect of HM within the intestinal tract via a series of HM-resistant mechanisms. More encouragingly, aided by genetic engineering techniques, novel HM-bioremediation strategies using recombinant microorganisms have been fruitful and may provide access to promising biological medicines for HM poisoning. 
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Two-Component Regulatory Systems in Urinary Tract Infections
Two-component signaling systems (TCSs) are finely regulated mechanisms by which bacteria adapt to environmental conditions by modifying the expression of target genes. In bacterial pathogenesis, TCSs play important roles in modulating adhesion to mucosal surfaces, resistance to antibiotics, and metabolic adaptation. In the context of urinary tract infections (UTI), one of the most common types infections causing significant health problems worldwide, uropathogens use TCSs for adaptation, survival, and establishment of pathogenicity. 
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Genome-Based Phylogeny of the Genus Thiothrix
Representatives of the genus Thiothrix are filamentous, sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, capable of lithoauto-, lithohetero- and organoheterotrophic growth. They are often found in flowing waters with counter-oriented sulfide and oxygen gradients. They were first described at the end of the 19th century, but the first pure cultures of this species only became available 100 years later. An increase in the number of described Thiothrix species at the beginning of the 21st century shows that the classical phylogenetic marker, 16S rRNA gene, is not informative for species differentiation, which is possible based on genome analysis.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Influencing Factors on Root Exudate-Rhizobacteria Interactions
The rhizosphere, the narrow zone of soil influenced by the plant root system, is a dynamic environment where complex interplay between plants and soil microbes occurs, and it may contain up to 1011 cells/g of root, with more than 30,000 bacterial species. There are various signals in the rhizosphere, including QS signals among microorganisms and root exudate signals from plants to microorganisms.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Orbital Cellulitis
Orbital cellulitis is inflammation of eye tissues behind the orbital septum. It is most commonly caused by an acute spread of infection into the eye socket from either the adjacent sinuses or through the blood. It may also occur after trauma. When it affects the rear of the eye, it is known as retro-orbital cellulitis. It should not be confused with periorbital cellulitis, which refers to cellulitis anterior to the septum. Without proper treatment, orbital cellulitis may lead to serious consequences, including permanent loss of vision or even death.
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Dietary Modulation of Bacteriophages
The role and function of bacteriophages (phages) has been underestimated so far. Natural compounds such as essential oils and tea have been used successfully in naturopathy and folk medicine for hundreds of years. Current research is unveiling the molecular role of their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties. The current interdisciplinary review summarizes current knowledge on dietary compounds as to their capacity to modulate the activity of phages, thus potentially contributing to (the modulation of) several gastrointestinal diseases, such as (chronic) inflammation, and even cancer.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Apr 2021
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