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Topic Review
Innate Immunity in CKD
Emerging studies suggest that unsolved inflammation will progressively transit into kidney fibrosis that finally results in an irreversible end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Increasing studies have suggested pathogenic roles of innate immunity in the kidney diseases. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms may uncover a novel therapeutic strategy for ESRD.
  • 1.4K
  • 06 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Quercetin in Prostate Cancer Therapy
Prostate cancer is the second most leading and prevalent malignancy around the world, following lung cancer. Prostate cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled growth of cells in the prostate gland. Prostate cancer morbidity and mortality have grown drastically, and intensive prostate cancer care is unlikely to produce adequate outcomes. The synthetic drugs for the treatment of prostate cancer in clinical practice face several challenges. Quercetin is a natural flavonoid found in fruits and vegetables. Apart from its beneficial effects, its plays a key role as an anti-cancer agent. Quercetin has shown anticancer potential, both alone and in combination. 
  • 1.4K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
CRISPR-Cas System and Urological Malignancies
Urological cancers account for a significant portion of cancer diagnoses and mortality rates worldwide. The traditional treatment options of surgery and chemoradiation can have significant morbidity and become ineffective in refractory disease. The discovery of the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) system has opened up new avenues for cancer research by targeting specific genes or mutations that play a role in cancer development and progression.
  • 1.4K
  • 24 Jun 2024
Topic Review
Hyperuricemia and Chronic Kidney Disease
Hyperuricemia is described as elevated levels of serum uric acid (UA), which is more commonly known as gout, an acute, symptomatic disease where urate crystals deposit in the joint and cause subsequent inflammatory arthritis. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is defined as abnormalities of the kidney structure or function presented for more than 3 months, according to the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcome guidelines. Several mechanisms have been identified that explain the relationship between hyperuricemia and chronic kidney disease, including the crystal effect, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system activation, nitric oxide synthesis inhibition, and intracellular oxidative stress stimulation, and urate-lowering therapy (ULT) has been proven to reduce renal disease progression.
  • 1.4K
  • 09 Aug 2022
Topic Review
VEGF
VEGF-A (also called VEGF) is a member of the mammalian platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) supergene family which also includes VEGF-B, VEGF-C, VEGF-D and placental growth factor (PlGF).
  • 1.4K
  • 05 May 2021
Topic Review
The Nephrotoxicity of Drugs
A dynamic development of oncology has been observed, resulting from the increasingly frequent occurrence of neoplasms and therefore, increasing population of patients. The most effective form of therapy for cancer patients is complex multidisciplinary specialized disease management, including nephro-oncology care. Different forms of renal function impairment are frequently diagnosed in cancer patients.
  • 1.4K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Low-Protein Diet for CKD
The epidemiology of chronic kidney disease (CKD) shows increasing trends in prevalence and mortality and has become the leading health problem worldwide. Reducing the amount of proteins ingested from rice is an easy way to control the total intake of proteins, saving energy sources, particularly in rice-eating countries. 
  • 1.4K
  • 08 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Fabry Nephropathy
Fabry disease (FD; OMIM#301500) is an X-linked lysosomal storage disorder associated with inherited or de novo disease causing variants in the α-galactosidase A gene (GLA; OMIM*300644). Reduced or even absent α-galactosidase A (α-Gal A; EC 3.2.1.22) activity leads to accumulation of glycosphingolipids with terminal α-D-galactosyl residues, especially globotriaosylceramide (Gb3) and globotriaosylsphingosine (lyso-Gb3) in plasma, urine and different organ systems, mainly cardiac, renal, endothelial and neuronal. The major physiological source of Gb3 is globoside, a glycolipid of erythrocytes and cells membranes found in different tissues. Kidneys are very frequently affected in patients with Fabry disease regardless of gender. Most important manifestations of Fabry nephropathy are proteinuria and slowly progressive chronic kidney disease, which can in some cases lead to end stage renal disease.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Hypofractionation for Localized Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among men around the world. Radiotherapy is a standard of care treatment option for men with localized prostate cancer. Over the years, radiation delivery modalities have contributed to increased precision of treatment, employing radiobiological insights to shorten the overall treatment time, improving the control of the disease without increasing toxicities.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Aug 2021
Topic Review
New-Onset Acute Kidney Disease Post COVID-19 Vaccination
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused an exceptional setback to the global economy and health. Vaccination is one of the most effective interventions to markedly decrease severe illness and death from COVID-19. Acute kidney disease (AKD) is defined as a condition of acute or subacute damage and/or loss of renal function between 7 and 90 days after exposure to an AKI initiating event
  • 1.3K
  • 23 May 2022
Topic Review
Cell Therapies in Acute Kidney Injury
The incidence of renal disease is gradually increasing worldwide, and this condition has become a major public health problem because it is a trigger for many other chronic diseases. Cell therapies using multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic stem cells, macrophages, and other cell types have been used to induce regeneration and provide a cure for acute and chronic kidney disease in experimental models. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2023
Topic Review
The Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
The definition of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) encompasses a spectrum of conditions that extends from gestational hypertension to preeclampsia (PE), eclampsia, and to hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet-count syndrome (HELLP). Other anomalies are non-uniformly aggregated in this family of diseases; this is the case for isolated or pregnancy-induced proteinuria (in normotensive pregnancies) and fetal growth restriction (FGR), which have, however, been demonstrated to predict the risk of developing PE during gestation as well as the risk of adverse short- and long-term maternal-fetal outcomes, including the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD)
  • 1.3K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Treatment of Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a common genetic disorder in endocrinology, especially its milder clinical presentation, often caused by a partial or total deficiency of the 21-hydroxylase enzyme located in the adrenal cortex. CAH is characterized by the overproduction of androgen, along with variable degrees of cortisol and aldosterone deficiency. The age at diagnosis can provide some information about underlying mutations, with those diagnosed at birth/early infancy more likely to have severe enzymatic defects, which may include adrenal insufficiency, sexual development disorders, short stature in adulthood, hirsutism, and a higher risk for metabolic syndrome and infertility. Non-classic CAH, a milder form of CAH, is usually manifested later in life and is a common differential diagnosis of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and should be actively evaluated during initial studies of clinical or biochemical hyperandrogenism.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Complement and IgA Nephropathy
Primary IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is a leading cause of chronic kidney disease and kidney failure for which there is no disease-specific treatment. However, this could change, since novel therapeutic approaches are currently being assessed in clinical trials, including complement-targeting therapies. An improved understanding of the role of the lectin and the alternative pathway of complement in the pathophysiology of IgAN has led to the development of these treatment strategies. Recently, in a phase 2 trial, treatment with a blocking antibody against mannose-binding protein-associated serine protease 2 (MASP-2, a crucial enzyme of the lectin pathway) was suggested to have a potential benefit for IgAN. Now in a phase 3 study, this MASP-2 inhibitor for the treatment of IgAN could mark the start of a new era of complement therapeutics where common diseases can be treated with these drugs. The clinical development of complement inhibitors requires a better understanding by physicians of the biology of complement, the pathogenic role of complement in IgAN, and complement-targeted therapies.
  • 1.2K
  • 01 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Hypouricemia and the Kidneys
Hypouricemia, defined as a serum uric acid level ≤ 2.0 mg/dL, can be produced by the renal wasting of uric acid. Considering normal values of the fractional excretion of uric acid (~10%), the essential role of the kidneys is closer to the conservation rather than elimination of uric acid. Thus, impaired uric-acid-transport function in the proximal tubule leads to hypouricemia. In many cases, hypouricemia can go unnoticed because it usually occurs without symptoms. Its clinical consequences need to be investigated.
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Uremic Toxins Affect the Endothelium
Uremic toxins can induce endothelial dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Indeed, the structure of the endothelial monolayer is damaged in CKD, and studies have shown that the uremic toxins contribute to the loss of cell–cell junctions, increasing permeability. Membrane proteins, such as transporters and receptors, can mediate the interaction between uremic toxins and endothelial cells. In these cells, uremic toxins induce oxidative stress and activation of signaling pathways, including the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways. The activation of these pathways leads to overexpression of proinflammatory (e.g., monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, E-selectin) and prothrombotic (e.g., tissue factor) proteins. Uremic toxins also induce the formation of endothelial microparticles (EMPs), which can lead to the activation and dysfunction of other cells, and modulate the expression of microRNAs that have an important role in the regulation of cellular processes.
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Pediatric Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare disorder characterized by dysregulation of the alternate pathway. The diagnosis of aHUS is one of exclusion, which complicates its early detection and corresponding intervention to mitigate its high rate of mortality and associated morbidity. Heterozygous mutations in complement regulatory proteins linked to aHUS are not always phenotypically active, and may require a particular trigger for the disease to manifest. This list of triggers continues to expand as more data is aggregated, particularly centered around COVID-19 and pediatric vaccinations. Novel genetic mutations continue to be identified though advancements in technology as well as greater access to cohorts of interest, as in diacylglycerol kinase epsilon (DGKE). DGKE mutations associated with aHUS are the first non-complement regulatory proteins associated with the disease, drastically changing the established framework. 
  • 1.2K
  • 22 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Penile Cancer
Primary penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy with an incidence ranging from up to 6.8 per 100,000 in Africa, Asia, and South America to less than 1 per 100,000 in North America and Europe. Accurate preoperative staging and precise outlining of a tumor’s extent are crucial for selecting the most suitable treatment approach and improving outcomes. The current clinical staging of penile cancer is still largely based on physical examination. Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) is an important imaging modality that complements physical examination and reduces uncertainties that can easily arise during this examination.
  • 1.2K
  • 21 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Bladder Ischemia
The concept of bladder ischemia as a contributing factor to detrusor overactivity and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) is evolving. Bladder ischemia as a consequence of pelvic arterial atherosclerosis was first documented in experimental models and later in elderly patients with LUTS. It was shown that early-stage moderate ischemia produces detrusor overactivity, while prolonged severe ischemia provokes changes consistent with detrusor underactivity. Recent studies imply a central role of cellular energy sensors, cellular stress sensors, and stress response molecules in bladder responses to ischemia. The cellular energy sensor adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase was shown to play a role in detrusor overactivity and neurodegeneration in bladder ischemia.
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Drug Repurposing in Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common cancer in men. Common treatments include active surveillance, surgery, or radiation. Androgen deprivation therapy and chemotherapy are usually reserved for advanced disease or biochemical recurrence, such as castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), but they are not considered curative because PCa cells eventually develop drug resistance. The need for novel therapeutic approaches is necessary under these circumstances. An alternative way to treat PCa is by repurposing of existing drugs that were initially intended for other conditions.
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Mar 2022
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