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Topic Review
A Systematic Approach to Healthcare Knowledge Management Systems
Big data in healthcare contain a huge amount of tacit knowledge that brings great value to healthcare activities such as diagnosis, decision support, and treatment. However, effectively exploring and exploiting knowledge on such big data sources exposes many challenges for both managers and technologists. A healthcare knowledge management system that ensures the systematic knowledge development process on various data in hospitals was proposed. It leverages big data technologies to capture, organize, transfer, and manage large volumes of medical knowledge, which cannot be handled with traditional data-processing technologies. In addition, machine-learning algorithms are used to derive knowledge at a higher level in supporting diagnosis and treatment.
  • 2.7K
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Effects of Alcohol Withdrawal in Hypertension
Alcoholic beverages are common components of diets worldwide and understanding their effects on humans’ health is crucial. Because hypertension is the leading risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Two different clinical conditions can result from the interruption of alcohol consumption. In heavy alcohol drinkers, abrupt interruption of alcohol intake might result in an alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS), with a critical condition that might require hospitalization. Alternatively, chronic reduction/interruption of alcohol intake could be part of the lifestyle changes that are recommended for the achievement of better blood pressure control in hypertensive patients.
  • 2.7K
  • 24 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Pseudohyponatremia
Pseudohyponatremia remains a problem for clinical laboratories. The two methods involved assess the serum sodium concentration ([Na]S) using sodium ion-specific electrodes: (a) a direct ion-specific electrode (ISE), and (b) an indirect ISE. A direct ISE does not require dilution of a sample prior to its measurement, whereas an indirect ISE needs pre-measurement sample dilution. [Na]S measurements using an indirect ISE are influenced by abnormal concentrations of serum proteins or lipids.
  • 2.6K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Gamified Physical Exercise and Mental Health in Adolescence
Interest in gamified physical activity has been driven by its potential to benefit student mental health. Integrating gamified practices for mental health improvement represents a significant innovation within multidisciplinary approaches to enhancing mental well-being. Gamified physical activity positively influences adolescents’ mental health and well-being. Additionally, there is a need for improved application and game design to enhance learning within school contexts. Tailoring exergames to fit specific disciplines and school-related characteristics can promote healthier mobile application usage and offer significant benefits for the mental health of young individuals.
  • 2.6K
  • 23 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Recurrent and Residual Caries with Resin Composite Restorations
Caries is the most widely prevailing noncommunicable disease, and is a multifactorial process presently considered as biofilm-mediated rather than an infectious disease. According to the ecological plaque hypothesis, caries occurs as a result of an imbalance of oral microflora—normally more than 700 species—leading to an increase in cariogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli types. The accumulating cariogenic bacteria produce acids such as lactic acid that reduce the local pH, leading first to demineralization and later to the destruction of the organic matrix. Caries progresses when demineralization cycles prevail and remineralization cycles cease. Classically, bacterial proteases are blamed for the proteolytic process taking place because of dental caries. Recently, it has become increasingly evident that activated endogenous matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cystine cathepsins of salivary, gingival crevicular fluid and dentinal origin, together with bacterial proteases, share in degrading the dentin matrix of demineralized dentin. This takes place at neutralized pH levels where the buffering effect of saliva takes place, since MMPs operate only in neutral pH values.
  • 2.6K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Biography
Vulstan James Shedura
Vulstan James SHEDURA is a field epidemiologist holding a master’s degree in epidemiology and laboratory management from Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences (MUHAS) and a medical laboratory scientist holding a bachelor’s degree from International Medical and Technological University (IMTU). He studied a total of three online diplomas in Leadership and Management, Water Sanita
  • 2.6K
  • 10 Aug 2025
Topic Review
Comparison of Different Food Classification Systems
The technological developments and the rise in highly processed food availability have introduced the concept of ultra-processed food (UPF). Food classification systems based on processing are now a new basis for epidemiological research. Different results from these classifications might influence conclusions on the population’s consumption of UPF or its association with health outcomes.
  • 2.6K
  • 25 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Animal Foods' Lactic Acid Bacteria
A variety of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, which are either part of the autochthonous microbiota or introduced into animal products, have potential beneficial applications for the preservation of such products and/or for consumer health. Many foods obtained from fermented products of animal origin, such as meat, fish, and dairy, contain living microorganisms that are phylogenetically similar to probiotic LAB as part of the microbiota that directs their fermentation process and is responsible for their unique character. Fermented foods, such as cultured milk, yogurt, cheese, fermented sausage, and certain types of wine, are obtained through enzymatic reactions resulting from controlled microbial growth, in which the main microbial effectors comprise, primarily, LAB and their metabolites.
  • 2.6K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Basic Components of Osmotic Pump Systems
Novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) is a broad term that encompasses many dosage forms, one of which is osmotic pumps. Osmotic pumps are considered to be the most reliable source of controlled drug delivery, both in humans and in animals. These pumps are osmotically controlled and release active agents through osmotic pressure. To a large extent, drug release from such a system is independent of gastric fluids. Based on such unique properties and advantages, osmotic pumps have made their mark on the pharmaceutical industry. 
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Psychomotor Agitation
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5 (DSM-5) defines agitation as an excessive motor activity associated with a feeling of inner tension. Motor activity is usually non-productive and repetitious and can include behaviors such as pacing, fidgeting, hand wringing, pulling one’s clothes, and an inability to sit still. Even if aggression and violence are not core agitation features, a progression in agitation severity can lead to aggressive and violent behaviors. At the first International Experts’ Meeting on Agitation, agitation was defined as "a state where patients cannot remain still or calm, characterized by internal features such as hyperresponsiveness, racing thoughts, and emotional tension; and external ones, mainly motor and verbal hyperactivity, and communication impairment".
  • 2.5K
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
L-Citrulline
L-citrulline (CIT) is an organic compound and a non-essential amino acid, and the body can synthesize it endogenously. Diet is a poor source of CIT and endogenous synthesis the its main source in the body. Watermelon is the principal source of that amino acid in the diet; the name citrulline comes from Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.), the scientific name for watermelon. CIT concentration in watermelon depends on the type of cultivir and usually ranges between 0.7 and 3.6 g/kg of fresh weight. CIT is present in both the flesh and in the ring.
  • 2.5K
  • 06 May 2021
Topic Review
Conceptual Framework on Telehealth Use
This paper leverages the Macro-Meso-Micro (three-layer) conceptual framework to characterize the factors influencing telehealth use within a medical specialty. Based on this framework,  three levels of factors, including, macro (societal or policy-level), meso (group or organizational-level), and micro (individual-level) factors can help to explain behavior, e.g., telehealth use within a medical specialty.  
  • 2.5K
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Inappropriate Patient Sexual Behavior in Physiotherapy
A behavior which is increasing in prevalence is sexual harassment initiated by a client and displayed towards the healthcare professionals and students of these healthcare-related professions. This is termed inappropriate patient sexual behaviour (IPSB). The consequences of IPSB can be significant, including decreased academic and work performance, decreased attention/concentration, reductions in work satisfaction, and a loss of confidence.
  • 2.5K
  • 27 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Amino Acids, B Vitamins, and Choline and ASD
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder of variable severity, characterized by difficulties in social interaction, communication, and restricted or repetitive patterns of thought and behavior. In 2018, the incidence of ASD was 2.4 times higher than estimated in 2000. Through examining plasma profiles, urine samples, and dietary intake, researchers found that low choline, abnormal amino acid, and low B vitamin levels were present in children with ASD compared to those without ASD. 
  • 2.5K
  • 25 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Physiotherapy Interventions in the Elderly with Neurological Disorders
Physiotherapy deals with the support and promotion of physical recovery after physical injuries or neurological events and conditions. The degeneration of the neuromuscular system over time is an inevitable part of the aging process, a condition that makes physical therapy necessary in the elderly, especially those with additional neurological disorders (NDs). In this context, physiotherapists often have to evaluate and treat elderly patients with loss of cognitive function from aging as well as balance disorders such as cerebral palsy (and movement disorders), degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, polyneuropathy (e.g., diabetic neuropathy or Guillain–Barré syndrome), peripheral nerve injuries, and acute cases such as patients recovering from stroke and, recently, elders recovering from COVID-19. Most of the therapeutic approaches for neurological rehabilitation include basic elements such as promoting normal movement, controlling abnormal muscle tone, and facilitating function. Furthermore, neurological physiotherapy adopts a problem-based individualized approach, as determined from a thorough evaluation of a patient’s health status. Therefore, the treatment goals for a person recovering from a stroke may be vastly different among patients with similar NDs but different health history. Thus, the treatment approaches used depend on the individual patient and their symptoms and physiotherapy’s rehabilitation goals, so a variety of tools and standard approaches can be applied.
  • 2.5K
  • 10 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Hospital Foodservice to Improve Inpatients' Food Intakes
Reduced food intake among hospitalized patients or inpatients is often associated with adverse health consequences such as malnutrition. To improve patients’ food intake, satisfaction, nutritional status, and quality of life, five intervention strategies were identified: implementing a new food service system, menu modification, multidisciplinary approaches in nutrition care, protected mealtime intervention programs, and attractive meal presentation.
  • 2.5K
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Statistical Analysis of Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Data
COVID-19 caused a pandemic, due to its ease of transmission and high number of infections. The evolution of the pandemic and its consequences for the mortality and morbidity of populations, especially the elderly, generated several scientific studies and many research projects. Among them, researchers have the Predictive Models of COVID-19 Outcomes for Higher Risk Patients Towards a Precision Medicine (PREMO) research project. For such a project with many data records, it is necessary to provide a smooth graphical analysis to extract value from it.
  • 2.4K
  • 10 Apr 2024
Topic Review
Pet Ownership and Quality of Life
Pet ownership is the most common form of human–animal interaction, and anecdotally, pet ownership can lead to improved physical and mental health for owners. The entry summarizes the literature to determine the evidence for the role pets play in quality of life for their owners. 
  • 2.4K
  • 21 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Trauma-Related Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Adolescence
The adolescent brain is an open window on the environment, which is vulnerable to perturbations and the traumatic experiences occurring before or during this period have an increased saliency in affecting cognitive, emotional, and social levels. During adolescence, trauma-related effects causing significant impairment or suffering could be manifest in internalizing and externalizing behaviors. 
  • 2.4K
  • 29 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Photoplethysmography
Optical sensors play an increasingly important role in the development of medical diagnostic devices. They can be very widely used to measure the physiology of the human body. Optical methods include PPG, radiation, biochemical, and optical fiber sensors. Optical sensors offer excellent metrological properties, immunity to electromagnetic interference, electrical safety, simple miniaturization, the ability to capture volumes of nanometers, and non-invasive examination. In addition, they are cheap and resistant to water and corrosion. The use of optical sensors can bring better methods of continuous diagnostics in the comfort of the home and the development of telemedicine in the 21st century.
  • 2.4K
  • 27 May 2022
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