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Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Integration in Medical Imaging
Radiology, since its inception, has experienced a revolutionary journey, punctuating modern medicine with its profound influence. From the discovery of X-rays to the subsequent integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), this multifaceted discipline continually evolves, transforming itself and the healthcare ecosystem it underpins.
  • 730
  • 30 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Abnormal Microenvironment Responsive MRI Nanoprobe
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is often used to diagnose diseases due to its high spatial, temporal and soft tissue resolution. Environment-responsive or smart MRI nanoprobes can specifically target cells based on differences in the cellular environment and improve the contrast between diseased tissues and normal tissues.
  • 721
  • 21 May 2021
Topic Review
Cone-Beam Breast Computed Tomography
Cone-beam breast computed tomography (CBBCT) is a revolutionary modality that will assist in overcoming the limitations of current imaging for dense breast tissue and overlapping structures. 
  • 717
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Clinical Application of FAPi-PET/CT in Oncology
The tumor microenvironment (TME) surrounding tumor cells is a complex and highly dynamic system that promotes tumorigenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are key elements in TME playing a pivotal role in cancer cells’ proliferation and metastatic spreading. Considering the high expression of the fibroblast activation protein (FAP) on the cell membrane, CAFs emerged as appealing TME targets, namely for molecular imaging, leading to a pan-tumoral approach. Therefore, FAP inhibitors (FAPis) have recently been developed for PET imaging and radioligand therapy, exploring the clinical application in different tumor sub-types.
  • 712
  • 20 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Coronary Computer Tomography Angiography
Among all non-invasive diagnostic methods employed in the work-up of patients with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS), coronary computer tomography angiography (CCTA) stands out as an excellent integrative tool that provides information regarding calcium burden, presence and degree of coronary stenosis, type of atherosclerotic plaques, and functional relevance of such plaques, all in one examination.
  • 704
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Differentiated Thyroid Cancer
Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is the most common endocrine malignancy with a high incidence rate in females. 
  • 685
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Radionuclide Development
In the field of radionuclide development, the continual changing of clinically used radionuclides, which is sometimes influenced by instrumentation technology but also driven by availability, patient safety and clinical questions. Some areas, such as tumour imaging, have faced challenges when changing radionuclides based on availability, when this produced undesirable clinical findings with the introduction of unclear focal uptakes and unspecific uptakes.
  • 679
  • 26 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Imaging More than Skin-Deep
Systemic disorders often present with both cutaneous and radiologic findings. Some presenting skin lesions are disease-specific (e.g., shagreen patch in tuberous sclerosis); others signify internal organ involvement (e.g., erythema nodosum in sarcoidosis, tuberculosis, or inflammatory bowel disease). Disease entities are broadly categorized into three areas: (1) autoimmune/inflammatory disorders and vasculitides, (2) genetic/congenital disorders, and (3) neoplasms.
  • 673
  • 30 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound in Telemedicine
The term telemedicine was to describe the practice of delivering health care services through the use of information and communications technology, whereby geographic distance is not as constraining, as in the case of traditional medical practice. Telemedicine is not only used to exchange valid information for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of disease and injuries and research and evaluation, but also for the continuing the education of healthcare providers to advance individual and community health.
  • 669
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Imaging in Portal Vein Thrombosis
The term portal vein thrombosis (PVT) refers to the complete or partial obstruction of blood flow in the portal vein, due to the presence of a thrombus in the vasal lumen. The underlying etiology of PVT remains unclear in up to 50% of children and adults. PVT, either primary or secondary to an underlying chronic liver disease, is the most common cause of prehepatic portal hypertension. On the one hand, primary PVT can be idiopathic, iatrogenic (neonatal umbilical vein catheterization), or related to an altered coagulation status. On the other hand, the progression of most chronic liver diseases leads to fibrosis, which increases sinusoid resistance and determines an abnormal elevation of portal venous pressure. The spontaneous development of a collateral circulation to divert the flow to the systemic circulation is the first observed anomaly, which itself contributes to PVT. 
  • 667
  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Imaging Techniques in Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity
Adult acquired flatfoot deformity (AAFD) is a disorder caused by repetitive overloading, which leads to progressive posterior tibialis tendon (PTT) insufficiency. It mainly affects middle-aged women and occurs with foot pain, malalignment, and loss of function. After clinical examination, imaging plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of this pathology. Imaging allows confirmation of the diagnosis, monitoring of the disorder, outcome assessment and complication identification. 
  • 666
  • 28 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Differential Diagnosis of COVID-19 Pneumonia
COVID-19 pneumonia represents a maximum medical challenge due to the virus’s high contagiousness, morbidity, and mortality and the still limited possibilities of the health systems. The differential diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia is challenging because there may be standard radiologic features such as ground-glass opacities, crazy paving patterns, and consolidations. A multidisciplinary approach is crucial to define a correct final diagnosis, as an overlap of COVID-19 pneumonia with pre-existing lung diseases is often possible and suggests possible differential diagnoses.
  • 661
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Buccal Bone Thickness in Anterior and Posterior Teeth
The Buccal Bone Thickness (BBT) of maxillary premolar teeth was 1.40 ± 0.75 mm in the region of the alveolar crest, 1.28 ± 0.80 mm at the medial area of the radix, and 1.84 ± 1.16 mm at the apex. Maxillary molar teeth showed a BBT of 1.42 ± 0.74 at the alveolar crest, 1.56 ± 1.05 in the middle part, and 2.78 ± 2.04 mm at the apex. In the mandible, the value distributions were: 0.95 ± 0.58 mm between the crestal part of the root and the surface of the buccal bone, 0.92 ± 0.66 mm at 4 to 9 mm apically to the alveolar crest, and 2.90 ± 1.58 mm at the apex of the radix.
  • 653
  • 16 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Preoperative Planning for Superior Mesenteric Artery Aneurysm
Surgical procedures on various artery aneurysms are difficult to perform and require careful preparation. We have developed a software platform, CardioCTNav, that can help in planning such procedures. The planning consists of a 3D rendering of the area of interest, virtual angiography, automated measurements, and virtual stent simulation.
  • 652
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gastrointestinal Tract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) performed with the more advanced imaging techniques allows an accurate assessment of many intestinal disorders, particularly inflammatory bowel disease and rectal cancer; in most of these diseases, MRI is invaluable for diagnosis, staging, and monitoring under treatment. Several MRI parameters are currently considered activity biomarkers for inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. Furthermore, in younger patients with acute or chronic GI disease, MRI can be safely used for short-term follow-up studies in many critical clinical situations because it is radiation-free. MRI assessment of functional gastro-esophageal and small bowel disorders is still in its infancy but very promising, while it is well established and widely used for dynamic assessment of anorectal and pelvic floor dysfunction; MRI motility biomarkers have also been described. 
  • 651
  • 07 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Targeted Radionuclide Therapy
Targeted radionuclide therapy has become increasingly prominent as a nuclear medicine subspecialty. Treatment with radionuclides has been mainly restricted to the use of iodine-131 in thyroid disorders. Radiopharmaceuticals, consisting of a radionuclide coupled to a vector that binds to a desired biological target with high specificity, are being developed. The objective is to be as selective as possible at the tumor level, while limiting the dose received at the healthy tissue level. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of cancer, as well as the appearance of innovative targeting agents (antibodies, peptides, and small molecules) and the availability of new radioisotopes, have enabled considerable advances in the field of vectorized internal radiotherapy with a better therapeutic efficacy, radiation safety and personalized treatments. 
  • 650
  • 07 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Hydrogel Spacer SpaceOAR Vue for Prostate Radiotherapy
Damage in the surrounding structures, including the rectum, due to unintended exposure to radiation is a large burden to bear for patients who undergo radiation therapy for prostate cancer. The use of injectable rectal spacers to distance the anterior rectum from the prostate is a potential strategy to reduce the dose of unintended radiation to the rectum. Hydrogel spacers are gaining increasing popularity in the treatment regimen for prostate cancer. After FDA approval of SpaceOAR, specialists are receiving an increasing number of referrals for hydrogel placements. 
  • 649
  • 03 Nov 2022
Topic Review
PET-Based Criteria for Response Assessment in Lymphoma
Criteria for response assessment in lymphoma have deeply evolved in the last decade, assigning an outstanding role to FDG-PET/CT. This path starts from the first lymphoma specific CT-based criteria and leads towards the PET-based Lugano Classification, that, nowadays, represents the gold standard. LYRIC (Lymphoma Response to Immunomodulatory Therapy Criteria) criteria, the recent refinement of the Lugano Classification, were conceived to capture new patterns of response (delayed response and pseudoprogression) observed during treatment with novel immunotherapy agents that have entered the clinic.
  • 649
  • 05 Jun 2023
Topic Review
CT Imaging Findings of Gastric Volvulus
Gastric volvulus (GV) is a life-threatening emergency condition that prompts emergent surgical management. Although many cases of GV have been described in the literature, its pathophysiology is still poorly understood. Here, we provide imaging evidence supporting that the pathophysiology of many GVs is based on caudal re-descent of hiatal hernia into the abdominal cavity
  • 644
  • 30 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Cardiac Computed Tomography Radiomics
Radiomics, via the extraction of quantitative information from conventional radiologic images, can identify imperceptible imaging biomarkers that can advance the characterization of coronary plaques and the surrounding adipose tissue. Such an approach can unravel the underlying pathophysiology of atherosclerosis which has the potential to aid diagnostic, prognostic and, therapeutic decision making. Several studies have demonstrated that radiomic analysis can characterize coronary atherosclerotic plaques with a level of accuracy comparable, if not superior, to current conventional qualitative and quantitative image analysis. While there are many milestones still to be reached before radiomics can be integrated into current clinical practice, such techniques hold great promise for improving the imaging phenotyping of coronary artery disease.
  • 642
  • 22 Sep 2021
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