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Topic Review
LaAlO3-Based Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Electrolytes
Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are efficient electrochemical devices that allow for the direct conversion of fuels (their chemical energy) into electricity. Although conventional SOFCs based on yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolytes are widely used from laboratory to commercial scales, the development of alternative ion-conducting electrolytes is of great importance for improving SOFC performance at reduced operation temperatures. The basic information has been researched (synthesis, structure, morphology, functional properties, applications in SOFCs) on representative family of oxygen-conducting electrolytes, such as doped lanthanum aluminates (LaAlO3).
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Gas Sensors with Different Morphologies
There is an increasing need for the development of low-cost and highly sensitive gas sensors for environmental, commercial, and industrial applications in various areas, such as hazardous gas monitoring, safety, and emission control in combustion processes. Considering this, resistive-based gas sensors using metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs) have gained special attention owing to their high sensing performance, high stability, and low cost of synthesis and fabrication. The relatively low final costs of these gas sensors allow their commercialization; consequently, they are widely used and available at low prices. Different morphologies of metal oxide gas sensors are discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 04 May 2023
Topic Review
Sodiophilicity Regulation in Metallic Na Anodes
The Na metal anode is the essential component for room-temperature sodium-metal batteries (SMBs), such as Na-S, Na-Se, and Na-O2. However, the practical application of liquid-electrolyte-based SMBs has been troubled by extensive volume change and mossy/dendritic growth during Na electrodeposition. In this regard, the sodiophilicity (of the solid electrolytes or 2D/3D Na hosts) has been widely deemed vital for achieving stable Na metal anodes in either solid- or liquid-electrolyte-based SMBs, and many strategies have emerged to improve Na wettability and stabilize Na metal anodes for the three types of batteries.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Zirconium Carbide for Hypersonic Applications
At ultra-high temperatures, resilient, durable, stable material choices are limited. While Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composites (carbon fibers and carbon matrix phases) are the materials of choice, zirconium carbide (ZrC) provides an option in hypersonic environments and specifically in wing leading edge (WLE) applications. 
  • 1.0K
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Extraction of Alkalis from Amorphous Silicate Materials
The main building materials widely used worldwide are those based on cement, glass, and ceramics. Taking into account the fact that the raw material base for the production of these materials is narrowing, and the quality of raw materials is declining, methods are being used to modify the structure of silicate materials in order to improve their properties when using cheaper raw materials and industrial waste, which should help reduce the energy intensity of their production. One of the ways to reduce energy consumption is the use of alkaline components in the chemical composition of silicate materials, which makes it possible to reduce the temperature of their synthesis. However, the presence of alkalis in the material at the stage of the operation is undesirable since it contributes, for example, to a decrease in the chemical resistance of silicate glasses or leads to the phenomenon of alkaline corrosion in cement products. 
  • 999
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics
Radiopacity is sometimes an essential characteristic of biomaterials that can help clinicians perform follow-ups during pre- and post-interventional radiological imaging. Due to their chemical composition and structure, most bioceramics are inherently radiopaque but can still be doped/mixed with radiopacifiers to increase their visualization during or after medical procedures. The radiopacifiers are frequently heavy elements of the periodic table, such as Bi, Zr, Sr, Ba, Ta, Zn, Y, etc., or their relevant compounds that can confer enhanced radiopacity. Radiopaque bioceramics are also intriguing additives for biopolymers and hybrids, which are extensively researched and developed nowadays for various biomedical setups. 
  • 973
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Cermet and Cercer Dual-Phase Membrane
Based on different permeation mechanism, membrane for hydrogen separation can be categorized as mixed protonic–electronic conducting (MPEC) membrane, dense metal membrane, and porous inorganic membrane. Each membrane also has its own advantages and disadvantages. Cermet membrane is composed of a ceramic phase and a metal phase. The ceramic phase is benefit to improve the mechanical stability and high protonic conductivity of the membrane while the metal phase is used to enhance the electronic conductivity and surface-exchange kinetic. In order to overcome the drawbacks of cermet membranes, researchers developed another kind of dual-phase membrane (cercer membranes), in which a ceramic with high electronic conductivity replaces the metal as the electronic conducting phase.
  • 928
  • 14 Jul 2022
Topic Review
High-Velocity Oxy-Fuel Technology
Due to the toxicity associated with chromium electrodeposition, alternatives to that process are highly sought after. One of those potential alternatives is High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF). Costs and environmental impacts per piece coated are then evaluated. On an economic side, the lower labor requirements of HVOF allow one to noticeably reduce the costs (20.9% reduction) per functional unit (F.U.). Furthermore, on an environmental side, HVOF has a lower impact for the toxicity compared to electrodeposition, even if the results are a bit more mixed in other impact categories.
  • 918
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
N-Doped Graphene and Derivatives as Resistive Gas Sensors
Graphene and its derivatives with a 2D structure are among the most encouraging materials for gas-sensing purposes, because a 2D lattice with high surface area can maximize the interaction between the surface and gas, and a small variation in the carrier concentration of graphene can cause a notable modulation of electrical conductivity in graphene. Furthermore, graphene has a high mobility of electrons and good conductivity.
  • 841
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Microwave Radiation on the Solid Ceramic Brick
Microwave radiation is widely utilized in construction practice, especially for drying building materials, remediating damp masonry, or sterilization of biotic pests that have infested building structures. The available scientific and technical literature reports that certain materials exposed to microwave radiation do not change their physical and mechanical properties, although this has not yet been adequately verified. 
  • 815
  • 27 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Irradiation-Induced Amorphous-to-Crystalline Phase Transformations in Ceramic Materials
Ceramics are exposed to extreme irradiation environments in numerous applications, including nuclear fuels and claddings, immobilizing and storing nuclear waste, radiation shielding, space exploration and travel, and doping of semiconductors. In such environments, energetic particles impinging on crystalline ceramic materials lead to the creation of damage through various energy transfer mechanisms, culminating in changes to material microstructures, properties, and performance. Although crystalline ceramics have historically been used in practical irradiation-facing applications, amorphous ceramics have recently garnered interest for their unique properties and characteristics, including irradiation tolerance. Amorphous materials are purported to better resist irradiation than crystalline ceramics. The a-to-c transformations can be broadly categorized into three types: (1) athermal, resulting exclusively from either electron or ion irradiation of amorphous material, (2) resulting from the combined effects of heating and either ion or electron irradiation, or (3) epitaxial growth or recrystallization of an amorphous oxide due to ion or electron irradiation. 
  • 805
  • 09 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Therapeutic Bioapplications with Layered Double Hydroxides Nanohybrids
Cancer treatment using layered double hydroxides nanohybrids for bioimaging and therapy has been researched for enhanced clinical methods. In the case of tumor targeting and cancer therapy based on biomedical materials, synergistic combinations of therapy and bioimaging have been applied for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer at once
  • 804
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Multicatalytic Behavior of Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 Ceramic
Ferroelectric materials are known to possess multicatalytic abilities that are nowadays utilized for removing organic pollutants from water via piezocatalysis, photocatalysis, piezo-photocatalysis, and pyrocatalysis processes. The Ba0.85Ca0.15Ti0.9Zr0.1O3 (BCZTO) ceramic is one such ferroelectric composition that has been extensively studied for electrical and electronic applications. Furthermore, the BCZTO ceramic has also shown remarkable multicatalytic performance in water-cleaning applications. 
  • 799
  • 25 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Cement Self-Healing
Self-healing materials can repair corrosion, cracks, scratches, and other alterations independently and autonomously. This technology significantly benefits the economy, with direct consequences for social improvement in certain areas of science such as chemistry, energy, etc., by substantially increasing the life expectancy of structures and self-healing materials and significantly boosting the viability of industries as cracks and wear, in general, spontaneously disappear. 
  • 785
  • 09 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mineral-Supported Photocatalysts
Although they are of significant importance for environmental applications, the industrialization of photocatalytic techniques still faces many difficulties, and the most urgent concern is cost control. Natural minerals possess abundant chemical inertia and cost-efficiency, which is suitable for hybridizing with various effective photocatalysts. The use of natural minerals in photocatalytic systems can not only significantly decrease the pure photocatalyst dosage but can also produce a favorable synergistic effect between photocatalyst and mineral substrate. Owing to their unique structures, large surface area, and negatively charged surface, silicate minerals could enhance the adsorption capacity, reduce particle aggregation, and promote photogenerated electron-hole pair separation for hybrid photocatalysts. Moreover, controlling the morphology and structure properties of these materials could have a great influence on their light-harvesting ability and photocatalytic activity. Composed of silica and alumina or magnesia, some silicate minerals possess unique orderly organized porous or layered structures, which are proper templates to modify the photocatalyst framework. The non-silicate minerals (referred to carbonate and carbon-based minerals, sulfate, and sulfide minerals and other special minerals) can function not only as catalyst supports but also as photocatalysts after special modification due to their unique chemical formula and impurities. The dye-sensitized minerals, as another natural mineral application in photocatalysis, are proved to be superior photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution and wastewater treatment. 
  • 749
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Influence of HPT on Photocatalytic CO2 Conversion
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) through the high-pressure torsion (HPT) process has been effectively used in recent years to develop novel active catalysts for CO2 conversion. HPT as an SPD method has been used since 1935 until now for grain refinement and the production of nanostructured materials. In addition to grain refinement, the introduction of various defects, such as vacancies and dislocations, is another feature of HPT, which resulta in the improvement of the functionality of materials proceeded by this method.
  • 736
  • 28 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Thermoelectric Oxide Ceramics and Devices
Thermoelectric materials have gained wide attention to realize multilevel efficient energy management to alleviate the increasingly severe energy crisis. Oxide ceramics were well-explored as potential thermoelectric candidates because of their outstanding merits, including abundance, eco-friendliness, high-temperature stability, and chemical stability. A comprehensive summary of the diversified state-of-the-art oxide ceramics and establish the links between composition designing, preparation process, structural characteristics, and properties to summarize the underlying chemistry and physics mechanism of band engineering, doping, composited with the second phase, defects engineering, and entropy engineering is provided. Furthermore, advanced device design and applications such as thermoelectric modules, miniature generators, sensors, and coolers were summarized. Ultimately, the challenges and future perspective of oxides ceramics for the device design and thermoelectric applications in the development of energy harvesting technology have been prospected.
  • 731
  • 07 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Tailoring of Hierarchical Porous Freeze Foam Structures
Freeze Foaming is a method to manufacture cellular ceramic scaffolds with a hierarchical porous structure. These so-called Freeze Foams are predestined for the use as bone replacement material because of their internal bone-like structure and biocompatibility. On the one hand, they consist of macrostructural foam cells which are formed by the expansion of gas inside the starting suspension. On the other hand, a porous microstructure inside the foam struts is formed during freezing and subsequent freeze drying of the foamed suspension. The aim of this work is to investigate for the first time the formation of macrostructure and microstructure separately depending on the composition of the suspension and the pressure reduction rate, by means of appropriate characterization methods for the different pore size ranges. Moreover, the foaming behavior itself was characterized by in-situ radiographical and computed tomography (CT) evaluation. As a result, it could be shown that it is possible to tune the macro- and microstructure separately with porosities of 49–74% related to the foam cells and 10–37% inside the struts.
  • 713
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Geopolymer Materials for Extrusion-Based 3D-Printing
3D-printing is a sustainable approach to geopolymer material manufacturing, promoting waste reduction, energy consumption reduction, and CO2 emission reduction. In addition, 3D-printing technology based on geopolymers confronts hurdles that must be overcome to produce high-performance goods. One of the most important aspects of the quality and accuracy of 3D-printed geopolymers is the design of the mixture. Utilising industrial waste from mining and building as well as alternate aluminosilicate sources are two ways to advance the development of printing geopolymer combination compounds.
  • 699
  • 25 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Zirconia-Based Ceramics Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes
The use of CNTs (carbon nanotubes) as a secondary phase in a zirconia matrix is motivated by their outstanding crack self-healing ability, the possibility to tailor the desired nano-structural properties, and their exceptional wear behavior. Therefore, a detailed investigation into CNT features has been provided. The debate of using the different Vickers indentation fracture toughness equations to estimate the resistance of crack propagation was critically reviewed according to crack characteristics.
  • 688
  • 16 Aug 2023
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