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Topic Review
Cognitive-Radio-Based Internet-of-Things Networks
Cognitive radio is pivotal in the utilization of an adequate radio spectrum source, with spectrum sensing optimizing cognitive radio network operations, opportunistic spectrum access and sensing able to boost the efficiency of cognitive radio networks, and cooperative spectrum sharing together with simultaneous wireless information and power transfer able increase spectrum and energy efficiency in 6G wireless communication networks and across IoT devices for efficient data exchange.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Class E Power Amplifier
This entry aims to solve a problem that exists with impedance matching networks in terms of extra cost and power loss of electronic components in a four-coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system using class E power amplifier as power supply, which is not conducive to the improvement of system efficiency and output power. A design method of sharing the resonant inductor in class E power amplifier and the excitation coil in the four-coil WPT system is proposed. This method comprehensively considers the output power and transfer efficiency of the system, the number of coil turns, coil size and many other factors. Compared with the traditional four-coil system using a class E power amplifier as a power supply, the proposed method simplified the system structure by leaving out a resonant inductor and load matching circuit, which can reduce the power loss of system and improve efficiency. Moreover, the precisely tuning of resonant inductor was not necessary, which improved the stability of the system. The correctness and feasibility of the parameter design method were verified by experiments. The experimental results showed that the output power of the system was increased by 18.7%, the efficiency was increased by 11%, and the transmission distance was up to 0.7 m, which is suitable for wireless power supply of electronics and sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Classification and Analysis of Single Phase Transformerless Inverters
The uses of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) inverters are increasing day by day due to the scarcity of fossil fuels such as coal and gas. Due to their superior efficiency, lower cost, smaller size, and lighter weight when compared to inverters with transformers, transformerless inverters for low-voltage single-phase grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) systems have attracted more interest. 
  • 1.3K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Comparative Study of Keccak SHA-3 Implementations
SHA-3, a pivotal component in modern cryptography, has spawned numerous implementations across diverse platforms and technologies. This text aims to provide valuable insights into selecting and optimizing Keccak SHA-3 implementations. It encompasses an in-depth analysis of hardware, software, and software–hardware (hybrid) solutions. Researchers assess the strengths, weaknesses, and performance metrics of each approach. Critical factors, including computational efficiency, scalability, and flexibility, are evaluated across different use cases. Researchers investigate how each implementation performs in terms of speed and resource utilization. This text aims to improve the knowledge of cryptographic systems, aiding in the informed design and deployment of efficient cryptographic solutions. By providing a comprehensive overview of SHA-3 implementations, it offers a clear understanding of the available options and equips professionals and researchers with the necessary insights to make informed decisions in their cryptographic endeavors.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Near-Field WPT Technology in UAV Charging
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) have been widely used in the military and civil fields. However, the battery power is a key factor that restricts the operation range of the UAV. Using wireless power transfer (WPT) technology to power UAVs can improve the endurance of UAVs and enhance their maneuverability and flexibility.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Millimeter-Wave Radar Road Traffic Target Detection
Using millimeter-wave radar as a monitoring system has raised increased in various fields attributed to its high detection accuracy and weather resistance. In road traffic applications, accurate acquisition of moving target information such as pedestrians and vehicles on the road is one of traffic radar’s most basic and essential tasks. With the development of intelligent transportation systems, the timely reflection of road conditions and realization of traffic accident warnings become necessary, which puts higher requirements on the low processing delay of radar systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Modeling and Control of Isolated DC–DC Converters
Bidirectional DC–DC converters are frequently chosen for applications requiring high power density such as in bidirectional electric vehicle (EV) chargers. Vehicle to Everything (V2X) technology makes the EV battery an electrical energy source. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 May 2023
Topic Review
Artificial Intelligence Approach of Hosting Capacity Analysis
Distribution network operators face technical and operational challenges in integrating the increasing number of distributed energy resources (DER) with the distribution network. The hosting capacity analysis quantifies the level of DER penetration on the network without violating power supply qualities, such as over voltage, under voltage, transformer and feeder overloading, and protection failures that may be caused due to the high penetration of the DER. Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques could be a useful tool for quantifying the hosting capacity of the network, real-time monitoring of the DER and network parameters and ensuring quality power supply to the consumers.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Nanogrid Architectures, Control, and Converters
Environmental issues and the global need to extend sustainable access to electricity have fostered a huge amount of research in distributed generation by renewables. The challenges posed by the widespread deployment of distributed generation by renewables, such as intermittent power generation, low inertia, the need for energy storage, etc., call for the development of smart grids serving local specific areas or buildings, referred to as microgrids and nanogrids, respectively. This has led in the last decades to the proposal and actual implementation of a wide variety of system architectures and solutions, and along with that the issue of the power converters needed for interfacing the AC grid with DC micro- or nanogrids, and for DC regulation within the latter. 
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electrification of Offshore Oil and Gas Production
Subsea oil and gas (O&G) exploration demands significantly high power to supply the electrical loads for extraction and pumping of the oil and gas. The energy demand is usually met by fossil fuel combustion-based platform generation, which releases a substantial volume of greenhouse gases including carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane into the atmosphere.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Transactive Energy
Transactive energy is a highly effective technique for peers to exchange and trade energy resources. Several interconnected blocks, such as generation businesses, prosumers, the energy market, energy service providers, transmission and distribution networks, and so on, make up a transactive energy framework.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Fault-Tolerant Design Approach Based on Approximate Computing
Triple Modular Redundancy (TMR) has been traditionally used to ensure complete tolerance to a single fault(s) or a faulty processing unit, where the processing unit may be a circuit or a system. However, TMR incurs more than 200% overhead in terms of area and power compared to a single processing unit. Hence, alternative redundancy approaches were proposed in the literature to mitigate the design overheads associated with TMR, but they provide only partial or moderate fault tolerance. This research presents a new fault-tolerant design approach based on approximate computing called FAC that has the same fault tolerance as TMR and achieves significant reductions in the design metrics for physical implementation. FAC is ideally suited for error-tolerant applications, for example, digital image/video/audio processing. The performance of TMR and FAC has been evaluated for a digital image processing application. The image processing results obtained confirm the usefulness of FAC. When an example processing unit is implemented using a 28-nm CMOS technology, FAC achieves a 15.3% reduction in delay, a 19.5% reduction in area, and a 24.7% reduction in power compared to TMR.  
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Big–Little Adaptive Neural Networks on Low-Power Near-Subthreshold Processors
The energy savings that near-subthreshold processors can obtain in edge AI applications and proposes strategies to improve them while maintaining the accuracy of the application are investigated. The selected processors deploy adaptive voltage scaling techniques in which the frequency and voltage levels of the processor core are determined at the run-time. In these systems, embedded RAM and flash memory size is typically limited to less than 1 megabyte to save power. This limited memory imposes restrictions on the complexity of the neural networks model that can be mapped to these devices and the required trade-offs between accuracy and battery life. To address these issues, researchers propose and evaluate alternative ‘big–little’ neural network strategies to improve battery life while maintaining prediction accuracy. 
  • 1.3K
  • 26 May 2022
Topic Review
Scalable Cell-Free mMIMO Systems
Cell-free massive multiple-input multiple-output (CF mMIMO) can be considered as a potential physical layer technology for future wireless networks since it can benefit from all the advantages of distributed antenna systems (DASs) and network MIMOs, such as macro-diversity gain, high channel capacity, and link reliability.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Virtual Power Plants for Smart Grid Operations
Virtual power plants (VPP) is a crucial component of the smart grid; this is made feasible by the network parts’ ability to coordinate themselves and the grid architecture’s ability to be controlled to its fullest potential.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jan 2023
Topic Review
A New Parcel Delivery System
This entry proposes a novel parcel delivery system which consists of a drone and public transportation vehicles such as trains, trams, etc. This system involves two delivery schemes: drone-direct scheme referring to delivering to a customer by a drone directly and drone–vehicle collaborating scheme referring to delivering a customer based on the collaboration of a drone and public transportation vehicles. The fundamental characteristics including the delivery time, energy consumption and battery recharging are modelled, based on which a time-dependent scheduling problem for a single drone is formulated. It is shown to be NP-complete and a dynamic programming-based exact algorithm is presented. Since its computational complexity is exponential with respect to the number of customers, a sub-optimal algorithm is further developed. This algorithm accounts the time for delivery and recharging, and it first schedules the customer which leads to the earliest return.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
COVID-19 Biomarkers and Point-of-Care Diagnosis
COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 is a novel, respiratory virus currently plaguing humanity. Genetically, at its core, it is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus. It is a beta-type Coronavirus and is distinct in its structure and binding mechanism compared to other types of coronaviruses. Testing for the virus remains a challenge due to the small market available for at-home detection. Currently, there are three main types of tests for biomarker detection: viral, antigen and antibody. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for viral testing. However, the lack of quantitative detection and turnaround time for results are drawbacks. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in COVID-19 detection that have lower limits of detection and faster response times than RT-PCR testing. The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor. Additionally, using multiple biomarkers, detection levels can achieve a specificity and sensitivity level comparable to that of PCR testing. Proper biomarker selection coupled with nano sensing detection platforms are key in the widespread use of Point of Care (POC) diagnosis in COVID-19 detection.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Types of Cyber Attacks on Critical Infrastructure
Several critical infrastructures are integrating information technology into their operations, and as a result, the cyber attack surface extends over a broad range of these infrastructures. Cyber attacks have been a serious problem for industries since the early 2000s, causing significant interruptions to their ability to produce goods or offer services to their clients. The thriving cybercrime economy encompasses money laundering, black markets, and attacks on cyber-physical systems that result in service disruptions. Furthermore, extensive data breaches have compromised the personally identifiable information of millions of people.
  • 1.3K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
BIM Interpretation Using SSD-MobileNet-V2 FPNLite and COCO mAP
Bahasa Isyarat Malaysia (BIM), also known as Malaysian Sign Language (MSL). BIM began its journey by forming a deaf school in Penang called the Federation School for the Deaf (FSD) in 1954. Studies have revealed that indigenous sign words arose through gestural communication amongst deaf students at the FSD outside their classroom.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Robot Environment Perception for Navigation
Robot external and internal environment sensing by extraction of raw sensor data and their interpretation is the basic principle of robot perception. In the modular or end-to-end robot navigation approach, sensors play a critical role in capturing the environment or internal robot attributes for robot perception. A sensor modality represents a sensor that inputs a particular form of energy and processes the signal using similar methods. Modalities include raw input types for sensors like sound, pressure, light (infrared, visible), or magnetic fields. Robot perception sensor modalities commonly include cameras (infrared, RGB or depth), LiDAR, radar, sonar, GNSS, IMU, and odometry sensors.
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Sep 2023
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