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Topic Review
Animal Models of Neutropenia
Animal models of neutropenia are indispensable tools in biomedical research, offering unique insights into the causes, mechanisms, and potential treatments for this hematologic disorder. Neutropenia, characterized by a decreased number of neutrophils in the blood, can result from diverse factors, including chemotherapy, genetic mutations, autoimmune processes, and infections. Understanding these varied etiologies necessitates the use of different animal models, each tailored to specific research goals. Chemotherapy-induced neutropenia is a critical concern in cancer treatment, and mouse and rat models provide valuable platforms for studying drug-induced hematopoietic toxicity. These models enable precise control over drug exposure and dose, facilitating the development of supportive therapies. Genetic neutropenias, often associated with specific mutations, are investigated using murine and zebrafish models. These models allow researchers to replicate genetic conditions and explore potential therapeutic targets. Immune-mediated neutropenias, characterized by autoimmune responses against neutrophils, are studied in mice and non-human primates, providing insights into the immunopathological mechanisms involved and the testing of immunosuppressive interventions. Infection-induced neutropenia models, employing mice, zebrafish, and fruit flies, help elucidate host-pathogen interactions and the impact of infections on neutrophil production. By harnessing the strengths of these diverse animal models, scientists can deepen their understanding of neutropenia, advancing diagnostics and treatments for this clinically significant condition.
  • 816
  • 11 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Viral Infections in Severe Asthma
Viral respiratory infections are recognized risk factors for the loss of control of allergic asthma and the induction of exacerbations. Severe asthma is more susceptible to virus-induced asthma exacerbations, especially in the presence of high IgE levels.
  • 815
  • 22 May 2021
Topic Review
Role of RasGRP1 in Cancer
The dysregulation of RasGRP1 (Ras guanine nucleotide-releasing protein 1) is known to contribute to numerous disorders that range from autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and schizophrenia to neoplasia. Given its position at the crossroad of cell development, inflammation, and cancer, RASGRP1 has garnered interest from numerous disciplines.
  • 815
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Hyperglycemia Induces Inflammatory Response
Hyperglycemia, a hallmark of diabetes, can induce inflammatory programming of macrophages. The macrophage scavenger receptor CD163 controls inflammation by the internalization and degradation of hemoglobin-haptoglobin (Hb-Hp) complexes built due to intravascular hemolysis. Clinical studies have demonstrated a correlation between impaired scavenging of Hb-Hp complexes via CD163 and diabetic vascular complications. Hyperglycemia induces an inflammatory response of innate immune cells to Hb-Hp1-1 and Hb-Hp2-2 uptake, converting the silent Hb-Hp complex clearance that prevents vascular damage into an inflammatory process, hereby increasing the susceptibility of diabetic patients to vascular complications.
  • 811
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Bone Marrow as Central Immune System
Bone marrow is known as the site of hematopoiesis. What is not being described in textbooks of immunology is the fact that bone marrow is not only a generative, but also an antigen-responsive, immune organ. It is also a major storage site for antigen-specific memory B and T cells.
  • 810
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Immunoglobulins in Brief
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are integral components of the immune system, serving as versatile molecules that play a central role in adaptive immunity. This research explores the diverse world of immunoglobulins, from their structure and classification to their functions, production, and therapeutic applications. 
  • 810
  • 08 Oct 2023
Topic Review
NKG2A Immune Checkpoint in Vδ2 T Cells
Targeting NKG2A immune checkpoint by gene knockout or blocking antibodies improves the cytotoxicity of Vδ2 T cells, a specific subset of human unconventional γδ T lymphocytes. Thus, a suitable selection of NKG2A+ or NKG2A− Vδ2 T cells for expansion or engineering could help to narrow the Vδ2 T cell population according to the expression of HLA-E on tumor cells. With this emerging knowledge, approaches to target NKG2A in Vδ2 T cells might be a promising step forward to boosting Vδ2 T cell-based cancer immunotherapies.
  • 809
  • 02 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Immune System, Inflammation and Autoantigens in wAMD
Wet age-related macular degeneration (wAMD) is a chronic inflammation-associated neurodegenerative disease affecting the posterior part of the eye in the aging population. Aging results in the reduced functionality of cells and tissues, including the cells of the retina. Initiators of a chronic inflammatory and pathologic state in wAMD may be a result of the accumulation of inevitable metabolic injuries associated with the maintenance of tissue homeostasis from a young age to over 50. Apart from this, risk factors like smoking, genetic predisposition, and failure to repair the injuries that occur, alongside attempts to rescue the hypoxic outer retina may also contribute to the pathogenesis. Aging of the immune system (immunosenescence) and a compromised outer blood retinal barrier (BRB) result in the exposure of the privileged milieu of the retina to the systemic immune system, further increasing the severity of the disease. 
  • 806
  • 12 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Helper Innate Lymphoid Cells in Melanoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) and targeted therapy have dramatically changed the outcome of metastatic melanoma patients. Although immune checkpoints were developed based on the biology of adaptive T cells, they have subsequently been shown to be expressed by other subsets of immune cells. Similarly, the immunomodulatory properties of targeted therapy have been studied primarily with respect to T lymphocytes, but other subsets of immune cells could be affected. Innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are considered the innate counterpart of T lymphocytes and include cytotoxic natural killer cells, as well as three helper subsets, ILC1, ILC2 and ILC3. Thanks to their tissue distribution and their ability to respond rapidly to environmental stimuli, ILCs play a central role in shaping immunity.
  • 804
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Diet, Inflammation & Youth
In children and adolescents, chronic low-grade inflammation has been implicated in the pathogenesis of co- and multi-morbid conditions to mental health disorders. Diet quality is a potential mechanism of action that can exacerbate or ameliorate low-grade inflammation. A good quality diet, high in vegetable and fruit intake, wholegrains, fibre and healthy fats ameliorates low-grade inflammation, and therefore represents a promising therapeutic approach, as well as an important element for disease prevention in both children and adolescents.
  • 803
  • 11 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The Mechanisms of cGAS-STING Pathway-Induced Apoptosis
The cGAS–STING signaling axis can be activated by cytosolic DNA, including both non-self DNA and self DNA. This axis is used by the innate immune system to monitor invading pathogens and/or damage. Increasing evidence has suggested that the cGAS-STING pathway not only facilitates inflammatory responses and the production of type I interferons (IFN), but also activates other cellular processes, such as apoptosis.
  • 803
  • 23 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Sublingual Immunotherapy for Aeroallergens
Sublingual immunotherapy represents an important progress in the use of personalized medicine in children with allergic asthma. It is a viable option for house dust mite driven asthma and in subjects with the asthma associated with allergic rhinitis.
  • 802
  • 08 Feb 2021
Topic Review
STING Agonists/Antagonists
The cGAS STING pathway has received much attention in recent years, and it has been recognized as an important component of the innate immune response. Since the discovery of STING and that of cGAS, many observations based on preclinical models suggest that the faulty regulation of this pathway is involved in many type I IFN autoinflammatory disorders. 
  • 802
  • 24 May 2022
Topic Review
CD28 Family Receptors and B7 Family of Ligands
The CD28 family receptors include the CD28, ICOS (inducible co-stimulator), CTLA-4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4), PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) molecules. They characterize a group of molecules similar to immunoglobulins that control the immune response through modulating T-cell activity. Among the family members, CD28 and ICOS act as enhancers of T-cell activity, while three others—BTLA, CTLA-4, and PD-1—function as suppressors. The receptors of the CD28 family interact with the B7 family of ligands. The cooperation between these molecules is essential for controlling the course of the adaptive response, but it also significantly impacts the development of immune-related diseases. 
  • 801
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Natural Killer Cells in Cancer: Mechanisms of Dysfunction
Natural killer cells (NK) are innate lymphocytes endowed with the ability to recognize and kill cancer cells. Consequently, adoptive transfer of autologous or allogeneic NK cells represents a novel opportunity in cancer treatment that is under clinical investigation. However, cancer renders NK cells dysfunctional, thus restraining the efficacy of cell-based therapies.
  • 800
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sphingolipids in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis—a systemic inflammatory disease—is the number one cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. As such, the prevention of disease progression is of global interest in order to reduce annual deaths at a significant scale. Atherosclerosis is characterized by plaque formation in the arteries, resulting in vascular events such as ischemic stroke or myocardial infarction. Sphingolipids—a lipid class named after the chimeric creature sphinx—are considered to play a critical and, metaphorically, equally chimeric regulatory role in atherogenesis.
  • 799
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
MYC Deregulation in Burkitt Lymphoma
MYC deregulation, a cardinal event in Burkitt lymphoma (BL) pathogenesis, necessitates the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing MYC activation to devise innovative and effective therapeutic strategies.
  • 799
  • 20 Jul 2023
Topic Review
TLR8 in Viral Infections
Viruses are recognized by several Toll-like receptors (TLRs), including TLR8, which is known to bind ssRNA structures. However, the similarities between TLR8 and TLR7 have obscured the distinctive characteristics of TLR8 activation and its importance in the immune system. 
  • 797
  • 07 Feb 2022
Topic Review
PNO and PNLA Inhibit the Inflammatory Response
The health implications of pine nuts oil (PNO) and Pinolenic acid (PNLA) in weight reduction, lipid-lowering and anti-diabetic actions as well as in suppression of cell invasiveness and motility in cancer. The expression of many mRNAs and microRNAs was regulated by PNLA indicating potential transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulation of inflammatory and metabolic processes. The anti-inflammatory effects of PNO have been shown in in vitro and in in vivo animal models, which have also been demonstrated with PNLA. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs)  impact inflammation by several mechanisms, including altering membrane function and structure, and regulating the synthesis of lipid mediators.
  • 797
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment
Immune therapy is designed to stimulate tumoricidal effects in a variety of solid tumors including breast carcinomas. However, the emergence of resistant clones leads to treatment failure. Understanding the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental aberrations is crucial to uncovering underlying mechanisms and developing advanced strategies for preventing or combating these resistant malignancies.
  • 795
  • 29 Mar 2022
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