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Topic Review
Ventricular Septal Rupture
Ventricular septal rupture is a serious mechanical complication of myocardial infarction (MI) with an unfavorable prognosis.
  • 804
  • 29 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Acellular Tissue-Engineered Vascular Grafts from Polymers
Vascular tissue engineering (VTE) lies at the intersection of several emerging disciplines including material science, polymers, stem cell biology, and fabrication technologies to support the development of micro/macroscopic artificial and bioartificial vessels.
  • 804
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ECMO Management in Severely Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients
Accidental hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop of the body core temperature below 35 °C, is one of the causes of cardiocirculatory instability and reversible cardiac arrest. Currently, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) rewarming is recommended as a first-line treatment for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients. The aim of the ECLS rewarming is not only rapid normalization of core temperature but also maintenance of adequate organ perfusion. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a preferred technique due to its lower anticoagulation requirements and potential to prolong circulatory support. Although highly efficient, ECMO is acknowledged as an invasive treatment option, requiring experienced medical personnel and is associated with the risk of serious complications. 
  • 804
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Hypertension Related to Obesity
Obesity and hypertension are closely interrelated as abdominal obesity interferes with the endocrine and immune systems and carries a greater risk for insulin resistance, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease. Many factors are at the interplay between obesity and hypertension. They include hemodynamic alterations, oxidative stress, renal injury, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance, sleep apnea syndrome and the leptin-melanocortin pathway. Genetics, epigenetics, and mitochondrial factors also play a major role. The measurement of blood pressure in obese patients requires an adapted cuff and the search for other secondary causes is necessary at higher thresholds than the general population. Lifestyle modifications such as diet and exercise are often not enough to control obesity, and so far, bariatric surgery constitutes the most reliable method to achieve weight loss. Nonetheless, the emergence of new agents such as Semaglutide and Tirzepatide offers promising alternatives.
  • 803
  • 19 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair
Severe mitral valve regurgitation (MR) carries a significant burden both in prognosis and quality of life of patients, as well as on healthcare systems, with high rates of hospitalization for heart failure. While mitral valve surgery constitutes the first-line treatment option for primary MR in suitable patients, surgical treatment for secondary severe MR remains controversial, with a substantial lack of evidence on a survival benefit. In recent decades, percutaneous mitral valve repair has emerged as an alternative treatment for patients deemed not suitable for surgery. Among several devices under development or evaluation, the MitraClip system is the most widespread and is supported by the strongest evidence. While the role of MitraClip in patients with chronic primary MR who are not deemed suitable for surgery is well established, with consistent data showing improvement in both prognosis and quality of life, MitraClip treatment in secondary MR is a rapidly evolving field. Two recent randomized clinical trials generated apparently controversial results but actually provided an interesting pathophysiologic frame that could help discerning patients who will benefit from the procedure versus patients who will not. In this review, we will discuss current treatment options for mitral regurgitation, focusing on percutaneous mitral valve repair with the MitraClip system.
  • 801
  • 08 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Epigenetics and Congenital Heart Diseases
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a frequent occurrence, with a prevalence rate of almost 1% in the general population. However, the pathophysiology of the anomalous heart development is still unclear in most patients screened. A definitive genetic origin, be it single-point mutation or larger chromosomal disruptions, only explains about 35% of identified cases. The precisely choreographed embryology of the heart relies on timed activation of developmental molecular cascades, spatially and temporally regulated through epigenetic regulation: chromatin conformation, DNA priming through methylation patterns, and spatial accessibility to transcription factors. This multi-level regulatory network is eminently susceptible to outside disruption, resulting in faulty cardiac development. Similarly, the heart is unique in its dynamic development: growth is intrinsically related to mechanical stimulation, and disruption of the intrauterine environment will have a direct impact on fetal embryology. These two converging axes offer new areas of research to characterize the cardiac epigenetic regulation and identify points of fragility in order to counteract its teratogenic consequences.
  • 801
  • 28 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Pulmonary Embolism Response Teams
Pulmonary embolism (PE) continues to represent a significant health care burden and its incidence is steadily increasing worldwide. Constantly evolving therapeutic options and the rarity of randomized controlled trial data to drive clinical guidelines impose challenges on physicians caring for patients with PE. PE response teams have been developed and recommended to help address these issues by facilitating a consensus among local experts while advocating the management of acute PE according to each individual patient profile.
  • 801
  • 21 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Main Components of Exercise Rehabilitation Training for PAH
Physical activity is one of the most important modifiable factors in our lifestyle and may significantly impact the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Exercise may modulate a variety of molecular mechanisms related to proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, proteolysis, and vasodilatation. Without a doubt, exercise training (ET) is necessary in order to reverse the physical impairment that accompanies pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to maximize the benefits of pharmacotherapy without apparent clinical risk.
  • 801
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antiplatelet Therapy
Antiplatelet therapy (APT) reduces platelet response to vascular damage, an increase in the potency, dosage, and/or duration of APT also inevitably increases the patient’s risk of bleeding. This has been observed in the results of large-scale studies involving tens of thousands of patients. In other words, APT cannot reduce both ischemic and bleeding risks; rather, it poses a technological limitation that has yet to be overcome by innovations.
  • 800
  • 13 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction Due to Diabetes and/or Insulin Resistance
Endothelial dysfunction is not only involved in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but is also associated with the progression of CKD. In patients with type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia and dyslipidemia induce the development of endothelial dysfunction.
  • 800
  • 13 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Diseases and Pharmacomicrobiomics
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the most common cause of mortality in rich countries, include a wide variety of pathologies of the heart muscle and vascular system that compromise the proper functioning of the heart. Most of the risk factors for cardiovascular diseases are well-known: lipid disorders, high serum LDL cholesterol, hypertension, smoking, obesity, diabetes, male sex and physical inactivity.
  • 798
  • 14 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Nuclear Imaging in Cardiac Amyloidosis
Nuclear imaging is a generic term for several imaging techniques. They all make use of small amounts of radioactive tracers administered to gain information about organs and tissues and represent an additional pillar in the diagnosis of CA. Nuclear imaging is not about functional, but more about structural assessment. While scintigraphy is two-dimensional or planar, positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) are three-dimensional.
  • 797
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Women
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have a lower prevalence in women than men; although, a higher mortality rate and a poorer prognosis are more common in women. However, there is a misperception of CVD female risk since women have commonly been considered more protected so that the real threat is vastly underestimated. Consequently, female patients are more likely to be treated less aggressively, and a lower rate of diagnostic and interventional procedures is performed in women than in men. In addition, there are substantial sex differences in CVD, so different strategies are needed.
  • 795
  • 07 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Vericiguat in Heart Failure
Despite advances in heart failure (HF) management, the risk of death and hospitalizations remains high in the long term. HF is characterized by endothelial dysfunction, inflammation and increased oxidative stress, due to a reduction in the activity of the nitric oxide (NO)-soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC)-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathway. All these factors contribute to direct damage at the myocardial, vascular and renal level. Vericiguat restores the deficiency in this signaling pathway, through stimulation and activation of sGC, aiming to increase cGMP levels, with a reduction in HF-related oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. 
  • 795
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Current data suggest that patients with cardiovascular diseases experience more serious complications with coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) than those without CVD. In addition, severe COVID-19 appears to cause acute cardiac injury, as well as long-term adverse remodeling of heart tissue. Cardiac fibroblasts and myofibroblasts may play a pivotal role in both contributing to the deleterious effects of COVID-19-induced cardiac injury, as well as the healing process after cardiac injury. 
  • 794
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CPET in Patients with HCM
We aim to review and analyze the available data from the literature on the value of Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test (CPET) in HCM. 
  • 793
  • 03 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rodent Models of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
Even with modern therapy, patients with heart failure only have a 50% five-year survival rate. To improve the development of new therapeutic strategies, preclinical models of disease are needed to properly emulate the human condition. Determining the most appropriate model represents the first key step for reliable and translatable experimental research. Rodent models of heart failure provide a strategic compromise between human in vivo similarity and the ability to perform a larger number of experiments and explore many therapeutic candidates.
  • 791
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Cancer and Acute Coronary Syndrome
Among acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, 15% have concomitant cancer, especially in the first 6 months after their diagnosis, as well as in advanced metastatic stages. Lung, gastric, and pancreatic cancers are the most frequent malignancies associated with ACS.
  • 789
  • 29 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence
Flow Mediated Skin Fluorescence (FMSF) is a new non-invasive method for assessing vascular circulation and/or metabolic regulation. It enables assessment of both vasoconstriction and vasodilation. The method measures stimulation of the circulation in response to post-occlusive reactive hyperemia (PORH). It analyzes the dynamical changes in the emission of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) fluorescence from skin tissue, providing the information on mitochondrial metabolic status and intracellular oxygen delivery through the circulatory system.
  • 789
  • 08 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Valve-in-Valve Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Bioprosthetic heart valves (BHV) have been increasingly implanted instead of mechanical valves in patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Structural valve deterioration (SVD) is a common issue at follow-up and can justify the need for a reintervention. In the evolving landscape of interventional cardiology, valve-in-valve transcatheter aortic valve replacement (ViV TAVR) has emerged as a remarkable innovation to address the complex challenges of patients previously treated with SAVR and has rapidly gained prominence as a feasible technique especially in patients at high surgical risk. On the other hand, the expanding indications for TAVR in progressively younger patients with severe aortic stenosis pose the crucial question on the long-term durability of transcatheter heart valves (THVs), as patients might outlive the bioprosthetic valve.
  • 789
  • 15 Mar 2024
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