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Topic Review
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (CSCC)
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC) is the second most frequent cancer in humans and its incidence continues to rise. Although CSCC usually display a benign clinical behavior, it can be both locally invasive and metastatic. The signaling pathways involved in CSCC development have given rise to targetable molecules in recent decades. In addition, the high mutational burden and increased risk of CSCC in patients under immunosuppression were part of the rationale for developing the immunotherapy for CSCC that has changed the therapeutic landscape. Several drugs have been developed for CSCC treatment, but the disease may actually be induced by drugs as well. Molecular mechanisms underlie pharmacologically-induced CSCC, and a sound knowledge of them could help physicians better tackle this tumor. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
The article by Suresh & Suzuki (2021) describes the finding of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike protein affecting human lung vascular cells and explains how the spike protein possibly increases the incidence of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Since the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein will be administered to millions of people as vaccines, it is critical to understand the effects of this protein on human cells to ensure that it does not promote long-term adverse health consequences.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
The Antioxidant Activity of Mistletoes
In addition to the European mistletoe, Viscum album, which is the most known and utilized one, there are several species commonly known as mistletoe. They are spread in various regions of the planet and are all characterized by hemiparasitism and epiphytic behaviour. The published studies evidence other similarities, including the sharing of important biological properties, with the common presence of antioxidant effects. Mistletoe is an example of the importance of the phytochemical and pharmacological research to update knowledge and utilization of medicinal plants. There are tendencies to limit to use of products derived from natural products, based on prejudices or wrong interpretation. The correct utilization of scientific results is necessary.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Three-Dimensional Spheroids in Cancer Research
Three-dimensional (3D) cultures of cancer cells that better recapitulate in vivo cell environments emerged as scientifically accurate and low cost cancer models for preclinical screening and testing of new drug candidates before moving to expensive and time-consuming animal models.
  • 1.1K
  • 09 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Liposomal Amphotericin B for Treatment of Leishmaniasis
The liposomal amphotericin B (AmB) formulation, AmBisome®, still represents the best therapeutic option for cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. However, the need for parenteral administration, its side effects and high cost significantly limit its use in developing countries. The recent advances in the development of topical and oral formulations of liposomal AmB are presented, in addition to the current knowledge on the physicochemical and pharmacological features of AmB.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Anastasios Lymperopoulos
My laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation studies the molecular pharmacology, physiology, and biology of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that regulate cardiac function and systemic circulation in general. Particular emphasis is given to autonomic nervous system`s (specifically adrenergic) receptors and to angiotensin II receptors. The general focus is on studying mechanisms underlying abnormal signaling/function of these GPCRs that contribute to heart failure pathophysiology, aiming at discovering and validating novel molecular targets for cardiovascular disease therapy. Our lab`s studies also include novel molecular effects of beta-blockers and angiotensin receptor blockers, two very important drug classes acting through cardiovascular adrenergic and angiotensin receptors, respectively.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
A Journey to Hear: The Evolution of Cochlear Implants
Cochlear implants (CIs), a revolutionary breakthrough in auditory technology, have profoundly impacted the lives of individuals with severe hearing impairment. Surgically implanted behind the ear and within the delicate cochlea, these devices represent a direct pathway to restoring the sense of hearing. Implanting hope alongside innovation, their captivating history unfolds through pivotal dates and transformative milestones. From the first human implantation by Drs. William House and John Doyle in 1961 to FDA approval in 1984, each step in their evolution mirrors a triumph of human ingenuity. The 1990s witnessed significant miniaturization, enhancing accessibility, while the 21st century brought about improvements in speech processing and electrode technology. These strides have elevated CIs beyond functional devices to life-changing instruments, enriching both auditory experiences and communication skills. This entry delves into the captivating history of CIs, spotlighting key dates that paint a vivid picture of challenges overcome and remarkable progress achieved. It explores the people and moments that defined their development, ultimately shaping these implants into indispensable tools that continually redefine the landscape of hearing assistance.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Adverse Side Effects of Long-Term Lithium Therapy
Lithium remains the drug of first choice for prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder, preventing the recurrences of manic and depressive episodes. The longitudinal experiences with lithium administration greatly exceed those with other mood stabilizers. Among the adverse side effects of lithium, renal, gastrointestinal, neurological, thyroid, metabolic, cognitive, dermatological, cardiologic, and sexual are listed. Probably, the most important negative effect of lithium, occurring mostly after 10–20 years of its administration, is interstitial nephropathy.
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase (DPD) Pharmacogenetics
The dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD), encoded by the DPYD gene, is the enzyme mainly involved in the catabolism of fluoropyrimidines (FP). DPYD polymorphisms increase the risk of severe FP-related toxicity and DPYD-pharmacogenetics (DPYD-PGx) is recommended before starting the FP-based chemotherapy. Other factors influence FP safety, therefore phenotyping methods, such as measurement of plasmatic 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) clearance and DPD activity, could complement the DPYD-PGx. Here, authors reported eleven clinical cases in whom a combined genotyping/phenotyping approach, together with careful clinical monitoring was used to optimise the FP-based treatment.  In addition, authors performed a systematic review of the literature concerning the use of DPYD-PGx, together with phenotyping methods to personalise such a chemotherapy.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The Applications of Cyclodextrins in Food
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are a group of cyclic oligosaccharides produced from starch, consisting of a hydrophobic interior cavity and hydrophilic exterior. Cyclodextrins have gained significant and established attention as versatile carriers for the delivery of bioactive compounds derived from natural sources in various applications, including medicine, food and cosmetics. Their toroidal structure and hydrophobic cavity render them ideal candidates for encapsulating and solubilizing hydrophobic and poorly soluble compounds. Most medicinal, food and cosmetic ingredients share the challenges of hydrophobicity and degradation that can be effectively addressed by various cyclodextrin types.
  • 1.1K
  • 20 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Thiazole-Based Peptides
Peptides are distinctive biomacromolecules that demonstrate potential cytotoxicity and diversified bioactivities against a variety of microorganisms including bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi via their unique mechanisms of action. Among broad-ranging pharmacologically active peptides, natural marine-originated thiazole-based oligopeptides possess peculiar structural features along with a wide spectrum of exceptional and potent bioproperties. Because of their complex nature and size divergence, thiazole-based peptides (TBPs) bestow a pivotal chemical platform in drug discovery processes to generate competent scaffolds for regulating allosteric binding sites and peptide–peptide interactions. The present study dissertates on the natural reservoirs and exclusive structural components of marine-originated TBPs, with a special focus on their most pertinent pharmacological profiles, which may impart vital resources for the development of novel peptide-based therapeutic agents.
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Aptamers in Parasitology
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA sequences of 20-80 nucleotides that interact with different targets such as: proteins, ions, viruses, or toxins, through non-covalent interactions and their unique three-dimensional conformation. They are obtained in vitro by the systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX). Because of their ability of target recognition with high specificity and affinity, aptamers are usually compared to antibodies. However, they present many advantages that make them promising molecules for the development of new methods for the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. In medical parasitology, aptamers also represent an attractive alternative for the implementation of new parasite detection methods, easy to apply in endemic regions. The aim of this study was to describe the current advances in the development of diagnostic tests based on aptamers in parasitology. For this, articles were selected following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, with specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The 26 resulting articles deal with the use of aptamers for the detection of six important protozoa that affect human health. This systematic review clearly demonstrates the specificity, sensitivity and selectivity of aptamers and aptasensors, that certainly will soon become standard methods in medical parasitology.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Human Endogenous Retroviruses
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERV) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of several nervous system disorders including multiple sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. 
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Anti-inflammatory Effect of Rosmarinus Officinalis in Vivo Models
Rosemary was more commonly used in its entirety than in compounds, and the prevalent methods of extraction were maceration and hydrodistillation. Rosmarinus officinalis L. showed anti-inflammatory activity before and after induction of treatments.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Titanium (IV) Oxide in Dermal Formulations
The widespread role of titanium (IV) oxide (TiO2) in many industries makes this substance of broad scientific interest. TiO2 can act as both a photoprotector and photocatalyst, and the potential for its role in both applications increases when present in nanometer-sized crystals. Its sunlight-scattering properties are used extensively in sunscreens.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 May 2023
Topic Review
Effect of Curcumin Consumption on Inflammation/Oxidative Stress
Advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages lead to exacerbated inflammation and oxidative stress. Patients with CKD in stage 5 need renal hemodialysis (HD) to remove toxins and waste products. However, this renal replacement therapy (RRT) is inefficient in controlling inflammation. Regular curcumin consumption has been shown to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress in subjects with chronic pathologies, suggesting that the daily intake of curcumin may alleviate these conditions in HD patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Bioactive Compounds in Oral Stem Cell-Meditated Regeneration
Stem cells are a well-known autologous pluripotent cell source, having excellent potential to develop into specialized cells, such as brain, skin, and bone marrow cells. The oral cavity is reported to be a rich source of multiple types of oral stem cells, including the dental pulp, mucosal soft tissues, periodontal ligament, and apical papilla. Oral stem cells were useful for both the regeneration of soft tissue components in the dental pulp and mineralized structure regeneration, such as bone or dentin, and can be a viable substitute for traditionally used bone marrow stem cells.  The role of bioactive compounds in oral stem cell-meditated regeneration is discussed.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Thiolated-Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
Thiomers (or thiolated polymers) have broken through as avant-garde approaches in anticancer therapy. Their distinguished reactivity and properties, closely linked to their final applications, justify the extensive research conducted on their preparation and use as smart drug-delivery systems (DDSs).
  • 1.1K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Glutamate and GABA Dysfunction in Depression
Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a term used to describe a particular type of major depressive disorder (MDD). There is no consensus about what defines TRD, with various studies describing between 1 and 4 failures of antidepressant therapies, with or without electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). That is why TRD is such a growing concern among clinicians and researchers, and it explains the necessity for investigating novel therapeutic targets beyond conventional monoamine pathways. An imbalance between two primary central nervous system (CNS) neurotransmitters, L-glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has emerged as having a key role in the pathophysiology of TRD.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Polymyxins
Polymyxins are non-ribosomal, cyclic oligopeptide antimicrobials, produced by the Gram-positive, spore-forming rod Bacillus aerosporus that were identified in 1946 from the soil of market gardens in England.
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Jun 2021
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