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Topic Review
Chronic Diabetic Foot Ulcers
While hyperbaric oxygen therapy has been well studied in this regard, comparative clinical studies have fallen short of providing clear evidence in support of this modality for healing chronic diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Topical oxygen therapy (TOT) has been in clinical use for over 50 years with encouraging pre-clinical and clinical studies that have shown improved healing rates when compared to standard care. Nonetheless, TOT has heretofore been discounted as an unproven wound healing modality without theoretical or clinical evidence to support its use.
  • 546
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Hormonal and Neuronal Regulation of Sugar Intake
Carbohydrates are important macronutrients in human and rodent diet patterns that play a key role in crucial metabolic pathways and provide the necessary energy for proper body functioning. Sugar homeostasis and intake require complex hormonal and nervous control to proper body energy balance. Added sugar in processed food results in metabolic, cardiovascular, and nervous disorders. The homeostasis of blood glucose or fructose levels requires strong interaction of not only the endocrine system (pancreatic hormones, stress hormones) but also communication of the nervous system. 
  • 545
  • 04 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Calorie Restriction on Health Span
As the incidence of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) increases, preventive approaches become more crucial. In this review, calorie restriction (CR) effects on human beings were evaluated, comparing the benefits and risks of different CR diets: classic CR vs. ketosis-inducing diets, including intermittent fasting (IF), classic ketogenic diet (CKD), fasting mimicking diet (FMD), very-low-calorie ketogenic Diet (VLCKD) and Spanish ketogenic Mediterranean diet (SKMD). Special emphasis on insulin resistance (IR) was placed, as it mediates metabolic syndrome (MS), a known risk factor for CNCD, and is predictive of MS diagnosis. 
  • 544
  • 25 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Dietary Choline Impact on Cognition
The influence of dietary choline availability on cognition is currently being suggested by animal and human studies which have focused mainly on the early developmental stages. The available rodent (rats and mice) research published during the last two decades provides compelling support for the relevance of dietary choline in cognition. The beneficial effects of choline supplementation are more evident in recognition rather than in spatial memory tasks when assessing nonpathological samples whilst these effects extend to other relational memory tasks in neuropathological models.
  • 544
  • 27 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns
Fatty acids might play a role in asthma and allergy development as they can modulate immune responses. Results from this population-based cohort study among 4260 mother-child pairs showed that a maternal pattern of high n-6 PUFA concentrations in pregnancy was associated with a higher forced expiratory volume in 1 s/forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow after exhaling 75% of forced vital capacity in the children at the age of 10 years. No associations of maternal fatty acid patterns with a child’s asthma or allergy outcomes were observed.  
  • 543
  • 22 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Polyphenols in Metabolic Diseases
Polyphenols (PPs) are a large group of phytochemicals containing phenolic rings with two or more hydroxyl groups. They possess powerful antioxidant properties, multiple therapeutic effects, and possible health benefits in vivo and in vitro, as well as reported clinical studies. Considering their free-radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory properties, these substances can be used to treat different kinds of conditions associated with metabolic disorders. Many symptoms of metabolic syndrome (MtS), including obesity, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, elevated blood sugar, accelerating aging, liver intoxication, hypertension, as well as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, are substantially relieved by dietary PPs.
  • 543
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eating Timing and Obesity/Metabolic Risk
Eating is fundamental to survival. Animals choose when to eat depending on food availability. The timing of eating can synchronize different organs and tissues that are related to food digestion, absorption, or metabolism, such as the stomach, gut, liver, pancreas, or adipose tissue. Studies performed in experimental animal models suggest that food intake is a major external synchronizer of peripheral clocks. 
  • 541
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Ketogenic Diet and Epilepsy
In epileptic patients, pharmacological treatment with available anticonvulsants leads to seizure control in <70% of cases. Surgical intervention can lead to control in a selected subset of patients, but still leaves a significant number of patients with uncontrolled seizures. In drug-resistant epilepsy, the ketogenic diet proves to be useful. 
  • 539
  • 06 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Urban Public Food Procurement
Urban public food procurement can address malnutrition and improve the beneficiary experience at public institutions whilst reshaping food systems to be healthier and more sustainable. By developing, improving, and scaling public food procurement, urban governments in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can reach the most vulnerable whilst improving farmer livelihoods, creating business opportunities, and addressing environmental concerns. 
  • 538
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ultrasound-Assisted Wound Debridement in Diabetic Foot Ulcer Treatment
Among complications caused by diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of the most serious and costly. Diabetic foot syndrome is defined as the presence of infection, ulceration, or destruction of foot tissues associated with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and neuropathy. The effectiveness of ultrasound-assisted wound (UAW) debridement is due to the cavitation and micro-streaming effects of ultrasound. Cavitation refers to the formation of oscillating gas microbubbles in a fluid medium; when it occurs, microbubbles expand, contract, and implode, allowing the removal of non-viable tissue and biofilms without damaging healthy tissue. UAW debridement shows higher healing rates, a greater percentage of wound area reduction, and similar healing times in patients with DFUs, but greater quality evidence is needed to confirm these findings. UAW debridement could be an effective alternative when traditional debridement techniques are not available or are contraindicated for use.
  • 538
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Obesity Rodent Models Applied to Research
Obesity is a disease whose incidence has increased over the last few decades. Despite being a multifactorial disease, obesity results essentially from excessive intake of high-calorie foods associated with low physical activity. The demand for a pharmacological therapy using natural compounds as an alternative to synthetic drugs has increased. Natural compounds may have few adverse effects and high economic impact, as most of them can be extracted from underexploited plant species and food by-products. To test the potential anti-obesogenic effects of new natural substances, the use of preclinical animal models of obesity has been an important tool, among which rat and mouse models are the most used. Some animal models are monogenic, such as the db/db mice, ob/ob mice, Zucker fatty rat and Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty rat. There are also available chemical models using the neurotoxin monosodium glutamate that induces lesions in the ventromedial hypothalamus nucleus, resulting in the development of obesity. However, the most widely used are the obesity models induced by high-fat diets. 
  • 538
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Complications of Home Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Although home parenteral and enteral nutrition (HPEN) can be life-saving therapies, they are also associated with complications that can be life threatening. An awareness of these complications and close monitoring is essential for prevention and identification of these problems.
  • 537
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nutrition Treatment for T2D
National and international guidelines for nutritional and lifestyle recommendations are available, together with protocols to guide weight loss to produce long-term T2D remission. Nutrition treatment becomes extremely challenging since additional determinants of malnutrition may be present, including reduced food intake and/or defective absorption of nutrients and impaired albumin synthesis.
  • 535
  • 20 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Management of Childhood Obesity
The examination of the etiology of childhood obesity is a growing area of research aiming to yield important insights for public health. Given the rising prevalence of childhood obesity in most developed and developing countries, it is now considered a global pandemic . Worldwide, an estimated 170 million children are considered overweight or obese currently, and approximately more than half of them are predicted to become obese adults. These trends in excess body weight may also contribute to an increase in chronic cardio-metabolic disorders, typically observed only in adults (e.g., hypertension, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia), but are becoming increasingly common in children and adolescents with obesity . Additionally, pediatric populations with obesity are known to have several psychosocial problems including discrimination, social isolation, and low self-esteem, which affect their health, education, and quality of life. Furthermore, the crosstalk between obesity and many viral pandemics, such as the 2009 swine flu or the current COVID-19 pandemic, has provided new insights into mortal characteristics of this chronic syndrome.
  • 534
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Vegetable Extracts for Helicobacter pylori
Vegetable extracts (Broccoli sprouts, curcumin, Burdock complex, and Nigella sativa) and micronutrients (vitamin C and E) were not found to be as effective as single agents in H. pylori eradication, rather their efficacy synergized with conventional pharmacological therapies. Conversely, GutGard was found to be significantly effective as a single agent when compared to placebo control.
  • 534
  • 17 May 2021
Topic Review
Obesity, Body Composition, and Nutrition in COVID-19 Pandemia
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread worldwide, infecting nearly 500 million people, with more than 6 million deaths recorded globally. Obesity leads people to be more vulnerable, developing worse outcomes that can require hospitalization in intensive care units (ICU). Most studies showed that not only body fat quantity but also its distribution seems to play a crucial role in COVID-19 severity. Compared to the body mass index (BMI), visceral adipose tissue and intrathoracic fat are better predictors of COVID-19 severity and indicate the need for hospitalization in ICU and invasive mechanical ventilation. High volumes of epicardial adipose tissue and its thickness can cause an infection located in the myocardial tissue, thereby enhancing severe COVID-related myocardial damage with impairments in coronary flow reserve and thromboembolism. 
  • 534
  • 07 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Fat intake and Glycemic Controltes
Nutrition therapy is a cornerstone of type 1 diabetes management. Glycemic control is affected by diet composition, which can contribute to the development of diabetes complications. The specific role of macronutrients is still debated, particularly fat intake. 
  • 533
  • 11 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Emotional Eating
Emotional eating is considered as the propensity to eat in response to emotions. It is considered a critical risk factor for recurrent weight gain. Such overeating is able to affect general health due to excess energy intake and mental health.
  • 532
  • 18 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Probiotic Use in IBD Patients
Probiotics demonstrated to be effective in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the safety profile of probiotics is still insufficiently explored.
  • 531
  • 10 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Anti-Depressive Effects of Tea Consumption
Current theories on the neurobiology of depression may be utilized to understand tea (Camellia sinensis)-mediated mechanisms of antidepressant activity. Major nodes within a unified network framework of depression, or major depressive disorder (MDD), included hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hyperactivity, inflammation, weakened monoaminergic systems, reduced neurogenesis/neuroplasticity, and poor microbiome diversity affecting the gut–brain axis. We detail how each node has subsystems within them, including signaling pathways, specific target proteins, or transporters that interface with compounds in tea to mediate their antidepressant effects. A major pathway was found to be the ERK/CREB/BDNF signaling pathway, up-regulated by a number of compounds in tea including teasaponin, L-theanine, EGCG and combinations of tea catechins and their metabolites. Black tea theaflavins and EGCG are potent anti-inflammatory agents via down-regulation of NF-κB signaling. Multiple compounds in tea are effective modulators of dopaminergic activity and the gut–brain axis. Together, tea-mediated effects on depression pathology are encompassed by our original “reduce and restore” hypothesis; tea phytonutrients act upon multiple MDD nodes to ameliorate depression pathology, including reduction of HPA axis hyperactivity; reduction of inflammation; restoration of monoaminergic systems, including restoration of neurologically active gut microbiota, and restoration of neurogenesis/neuroplasticity.
  • 531
  • 22 Sep 2021
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