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Topic Review
Virally Infected Donor Grafts
The ideal management for end stage liver disease, acute liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), within specific criteria, is liver transplantation (LT). Due to continuous increase in LT cases, there has been consideration to increase utilization of organs from donor livers which were previously discarded, including virally infected donor livers. 
  • 624
  • 07 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Nasal Nanovaccines for SARS-CoV-2
A vaccine-based nanoparticle (NP) delivery vehicle is the inoculum to deliver an antigen in vivo. The nanovaccine has been a novel vaccine delivery platform in recent years. NPs function as an adjuvant to enhance the immune response and the effect of cross-reactivity. Functional NPs in SARS-CoV-2 vaccines mainly include promoting cell uptake of antigens, protecting antigens, and fully mimicking pathogens (like nano-virus). NPs are mainly divided into four categories: polysaccharide NPs; lipid NPs and protein NPs; Nano-biomimetic delivery vehicles; polymer NPs
  • 619
  • 24 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Ocular Manifestations of Chikungunya Infection
The Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) can cause long lasting symptoms and manifestations. The most frequent ocular symptoms of CHIKV infection included ocular pain, inflammation and reduced visual acuity, whilst conjunctivitis and optic neuritis were the most common manifestations of the disease. 
  • 619
  • 22 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Drug Candidates Targeting HTLV-1 and Related Diseases
Among the human T-lymphotropic virus (HTLV) types, HTLV-1 is the most prevalent, and it has been linked to a spectrum of diseases, including HAM/TSP, ATLL, and hyperinfection syndrome or disseminated strongyloidiasis. There is no globally standard first-line treatment for HTLV-1 infection and its related diseases. To address this, a comprehensive research was conducted, analyzing 30 recent papers from databases PubMed, CAPES journals, and the Virtual Health Library (VHL). The studies encompassed a wide range of therapeutic approaches, including antiretrovirals, immunomodulators, antineoplastics, amino acids, antiparasitics, and even natural products and plant extracts. Notably, the category with the highest number of articles was related to drugs for the treatment of ATLL. Studies employing mogamulizumab as a new perspective for ATLL received greater attention in the last 5 years, demonstrating efficacy, safe use in the elderly, significant antitumor activity, and increased survival time for refractory patients. Concerning HAM/TSP, despite corticosteroid being recommended, a more randomized clinical trial is needed to support treatment other than corticoids. The research also included a comprehensive review of the drugs used to treat disseminated strongyloidiasis in co-infection with HTLV-1, including their administration form, in order to emphasize gaps and facilitate the development of other studies aiming at better-directed methodologies. Additionally, docking molecules and computer simulations show promise in identifying novel therapeutic targets and repurposing existing drugs. These advances are crucial in developing more effective and targeted treatments against HTLV-1 and its related diseases.
  • 619
  • 10 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic Performances of Nuclear Imaging in Infective Endocarditis
Infective endocarditis (IE) is a life-threatening disease with stable prevalence despite prophylactic, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances. While echocardiography remains the first line imaging technique, especially in native valve endocarditis, the incremental value of two nuclear imaging techniques, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography with computed tomography (18F-FDG-PET/CT) and white blood cells single photon emission tomography with computed tomography (WBC-SPECT), has emerged for the management of prosthetic valve and CIED IE.
  • 617
  • 05 Jan 2022
Topic Review
The General Endocrine Picture of COVID-19 Infection
From an endocrinological point of view, a high risk of severe COVID-19 infection is related to the presence of diabetes mellitus, high blood pressure, obesity, Cushing’s syndrome, sleep apnea (associated with acromegaly or obesity), coagulation anomalies, glucocorticoid therapy for various conditions, etc.. Hypocortisolemia may develop on immune grounds (in addition or not to primary/secondary hypothyroidism) due to direct or immune-mediated pituitary and adrenal lesions.
  • 616
  • 28 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Mechanisms of COVID-19 on Non-Lung Organs
The SARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus that is encapsulated. It belongs to the genus Betacoronavirus, the family Coronaviridae, the subfamily Coronavirinae, and the order Nidovirales. The genome size of the virus, which is 29.99 kB, is significant. The mechanisms of this virus on various organs such as brain, eye, and olfactory nerve and different systems such as the endocrine and gastrointestinal systems are discussed.
  • 616
  • 03 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Infections in DNA Repair Defects
DNA repair defects are rare heterogeneous conditions typically present with an increased risk of cancer, accelerated aging, and defects in the development of various organs and systems. The immune system can be affected in a subset of these disorders leading to susceptibility to infections and autoimmunity. Infections in DNA repair defects may occur due to primary defects in T, B, or NK cells and other factors such as anatomic defects, neurologic disorders, or during chemotherapy. 
  • 613
  • 22 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Limited Access to Drug in Malaria Control
Malaria burden has severe impact on the world. Several arsenals, including the use of antimalarials, are in place to curb the malaria burden. Limited access to drugs ensures that patients do not get the right doses of the antimalarials in order to have an effective plasma concentration to kill the malaria parasites, which leads to treatment failure and overall reduction in malaria control via increased transmission rate. 
  • 611
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Oral Antibacterial Therapy Treat Bone Infections in Adults
Chronic osteomyelitis in adults is managed with prolonged courses of intravenous antibiotics in conjunction with surgical debridement of necrotic bone. The oral route for infections requiring prolonged treatment is intuitively and practically more favorable due to several advantages, the most important of which is the avoidance of long-term IV antimicrobial therapy with its complications, inconvenience, and cost.
  • 610
  • 09 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Clinical and Laboratory Diagnosis of Legionella Pneumonia
Legionella pneumonia is a relatively rare but extremely progressive pulmonary infection with high mortality. Traditional cultural isolation remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of Legionella pneumonia. However, its harsh culture conditions, long turnaround time, and suboptimal sensitivity do not meet the clinical need for rapid and accurate diagnosis, especially for critically ill patients. Pathogenic detection techniques including serological assays, urinary antigen tests, and mass spectrometry, as well as nucleic acid amplification technique, have been developed, and each has its own advantages and limitations. 
  • 609
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the infection of the novel highly contagious severe acute respiratory syndrome virus (SARS-CoV-2), viral infection can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and, in severe cases, can even be lethal. Behind the inflammatory process lies the so-called cytokine storm (CS), which activates various inflammatory cytokines that damage numerous organ tissues.
  • 607
  • 26 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Biofilm in Urinary Tract Infections
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are prevalent bacterial infections in both community and healthcare settings. They account for approximately 40% of all bacterial infections and require around 15% of all antibiotic prescriptions. Although antibiotics have traditionally been used to treat UTIs for several decades, the significant increase in antibiotic resistance in recent years has made many previously effective treatments ineffective. Biofilm on medical equipment in healthcare settings creates a reservoir of pathogens that can easily be transmitted to patients. Urinary catheter infections are frequently observed in hospitals and are caused by microbes that form a biofilm after a catheter is inserted into the bladder. Managing infections caused by biofilms is challenging due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. 
  • 607
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Combating Antimicrobial Resistance in the Post-Genomic Era
Constantly evolving drug-resistant “superbugs” have caused an urgent demand for novel antimicrobial agents. Natural products and their analogs have been a prolific source of antimicrobial agents, even though a high rediscovery rate and less targeted research has made the field challenging in the pre-genomic era. With recent advancements in technology, natural product research is gaining new life. Genome mining has allowed for more targeted excavation of biosynthetic potential from natural sources that was previously overlooked. Researchers use bioinformatic algorithms to rapidly identify and predict antimicrobial candidates by studying the genome before even entering the lab.
  • 607
  • 01 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Microorganisms Affect Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Patients
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a primary inherited immunodeficiency disease that presents before the age of three months and can be fatal. It is usually due to opportunistic infections caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa resulting in a decrease in number and impairment in the function of T and B cells. Microorganisms can affect SCID Patients' condition.
  • 604
  • 30 Jun 2023
Topic Review
MAIT Cell-Directed Therapy for Tuberculosis Infection
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a distinct population of non-conventional T cells that have been preserved through evolution and possess properties of both innate and adaptive immune cells. They are activated through the recognition of antigens presented by non-polymorphic MR1 proteins or, alternately, can be stimulated by specific cytokines.
  • 603
  • 30 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Therapy of Chronic Hepatitis B
The knowledge of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infection and its natural history is important to facilitate an accurate management of the chronic HBV infection (CHB). The major concepts are: (a) once infection occurs, HBV persists in almost all infected individuals, even after Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) clearance; (b) the interplay between HBV and the host’s immune system is the driving force of the outcomes of HBV infection; and (c) a minor proportion of HBV carriers develop progressive liver disease and eventually die because of complications of cirrhosis and/or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
  • 602
  • 10 Mar 2022
Topic Review
How to Identify Invasive Candidemia in ICU
The incidence of invasive fungal infection in ICUs has increased over time, and Candida spp. is the most common cause. Critical care patients are a particular set of patients with a higher risk of invasive fungal infections; this population is characterized by extensive use of medical devices such as central venous lines, arterial lines, bladder catheters, hemodialysis and mechanical intubation. Blood cultures are the gold standard diagnosis; still, they are not an early diagnostic technique. Mannan, anti-mannan antibody, 1,3-β-D-glucan, Candida albicans germ tube antibody, Vitek 2, PNA-FISH, MALDI-TOF, PCR and T2Candida panel are diagnostic promising microbiological assays. Scoring systems are tools to distinguish patients with low and high risk of infection. They can be combined with diagnostic tests to select patients for pre-emptive treatment or antifungal discontinuation.
  • 593
  • 03 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Natural Polyketides
Invasive fungal infections present a significant risk to human health. The current arsenal of antifungal drugs is hindered by drug resistance, limited antifungal range, inadequate safety profiles, and low oral bioavailability. Consequently, there is an urgent imperative to develop novel antifungal medications for clinical application.
  • 593
  • 04 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Function of Extracellular Vesicles in Bacterial Lung Infections
Lung infections are one of the most common causes of death and morbidity worldwide. Both bacterial and viral lung infections cause a vast number of infections with varying severities. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced by different cells due to infection in the lung have the ability to modify the immune system, leading to either better immune response or worsening of the disease. It has been shown that both bacteria and viruses have the ability to produce their EVs and stimulate the immune system for that.
  • 592
  • 15 Nov 2023
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