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Topic Review
Carbon Emission Intensity
The definition of Carbon Emission Intensity (CEI) according to the INDCs is "the amount of carbon dioxide emissions per unit of GDP". As defined, CEI is an emission reduction indicator that takes into account environmental protection and economic development, which has important reference significance for the emission reduction work of developing countries.
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Cladistics
Cladistics (/kləˈdɪstɪks/; from grc κλάδος (kládos) 'branch') is an approach to biological classification in which organisms are categorized in groups ("clades") based on hypotheses of most recent common ancestry. The evidence for hypothesized relationships is typically shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies) that are not present in more distant groups and ancestors. However, from an empirical perspective, common ancestors are inferences based on a cladistic hypothesis of relationships of taxa whose character states can be observed. Theoretically, a last common ancestor and all its descendants constitute a (minimal) clade. Importantly, all descendants stay in their overarching ancestral clade. For example, if the terms worms or fishes were used within a strict cladistic framework, these terms would include humans. Many of these terms are normally used paraphyletically, outside of cladistics, e.g. as a 'grade', which are fruitless to precisely delineate, especially when including extinct species. Radiation results in the generation of new subclades by bifurcation, but in practice sexual hybridization may blur very closely related groupings. As a hypothesis, a clade can only be rejected if some groupings were explicitly excluded. It may then be found that the excluded group did actually descend from the last common ancestor of the group, and thus emerged within the group. ("Evolved from" is misleading, because in cladistics all descendants stay in the ancestral group). Upon finding that the group is paraphyletic this way, either such excluded groups should be granted to the clade, or the group should be abolished. Testifying to human focus, bias and perhaps exceptionalism, humans have never been placed in a paraphyletic group, whereas most other organisms have been. Branches down to the divergence to the next significant (e.g. extant) sister are considered stem-groupings of the clade, but in principle each level stands on its own, to be assigned a unique name. For a fully bifurcated tree, adding a group to a tree also adds an additional (named) clade, and potentially a new level. Specifically, also extinct groups are always put on a side-branch, not distinguishing whether an actual ancestor of other groupings was found. The techniques and nomenclature of cladistics have been applied to disciplines other than biology. (See phylogenetic nomenclature.) Cladistics findings are posing a difficulty for taxonomy, where the rank and (genus-)naming of established groupings may turn out to be inconsistent. Cladistics is now the most commonly used method to classify organisms.
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Eudragit® Based Copolymer for Smart Healthcare
Eudragit, synthesized by radical polymerization, is used for enteric coating, precise temporal release, and targeting the entire gastrointestinal system. Evonik Healthcare Germany offers different grades of Eudragit. The ratio of methacrylic acid to its methacrylate-based monomers used in the polymerization reaction defines the final product’s characteristics and consequently its potential range of applications.
  • 3.3K
  • 22 May 2023
Topic Review
Advancements in Natural Dyes Extraction
The dyeing and finishing step represents a clear hotspot in the textile supply chain as the wet processing stages require significant amounts of water, energy, and chemicals. In order to tackle environmental issues, natural dyes are gaining attention from researchers as more sustainable alternatives to synthetic ones. The extraction of colorant from natural sources is a fundamental step in preparing purified natural dyes, as a plant’s matrix contains only a small percentage of dye, usually in the range of 0.5–5%, and several other constituents such as water-insoluble fibers, carbohydrates, protein, chlorophyll, and tannins, among others. The selection of the most suitable extraction technique should be based on the evaluation of the nature and solubility of the dyeing materials.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Journal Micromachines
Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X) first launched in 2010，initially published as a quarterly journal，and received 1st Impact Factor in July 2014. In 2015，Micromachines was transferred to a monthly journal. Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X) is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal, which provides an advanced forum for studies on micro/nano-scaled structures, materials, devices, systems as well as related micro- and nanotechnology from fundamental research to applications. The journal publishes reviews, original research articles, and communications in this field. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their theoretical and experimental results in as much detail as possible. Therefore, there is no restriction on the length of the papers or the number of electronic supplementary files. Full details on experiments, materials and methods must be provided for a research article so that the results can be reproduced. Micromachines is covered by the Science Citation Index Expanded (Web of Science), Ei Compendex, Scopus, and PubMed, and its 2019 impact factor is 2.523. 
  • 3.3K
  • 26 Sep 2021
Topic Review
List of Minerals F (Complete)
This list includes those recognised minerals beginning with the letter F. The International Mineralogical Association is the international group that recognises new minerals and new mineral names, however minerals discovered before 1959 did not go through the official naming procedure, although some minerals published previously have been either confirmed or discredited since that date. This list contains a mixture of mineral names that have been approved since 1959 and those mineral names believed to still refer to valid mineral species (these are called "grandfathered" species). The list is divided into groups: The data was exported from mindat.org on 29 April 2005; updated up to 'IMA2018'. The minerals are sorted by name, followed by the structural group (rruff.info/ima and ima-cnmnc by mineralienatlas.de, mainly) or chemical class (mindat.org and basics), the year of publication (if it's before of an IMA approval procedure), the IMA approval and the Nickel–Strunz code. The first link is to mindat.org, the second link is to webmineral.com, and the third is to the Handbook of Mineralogy (Mineralogical Society of America).
  • 3.3K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Non-Native Guinea Grass
Guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq., renamed Megathyrsus maximus Jacq.) is a native forage plant in Africa of great economic value, but it was introduced in almost all tropical countries as a source of animal forage.
  • 3.3K
  • 30 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Classic Car
A classic car is an older automobile; the exact definition varies around the world. The common theme is of an older car with enough historical interest to be collectable and worth preserving or restoring rather than scrapping. Cars 20 years and older typically fall into the classic class. Organizations such as the Classic Car Club of America (CCCA) and the Antique Automobile Club of America (AACA) maintain a list of eligible unmodified cars that are called "classic". These are described as "fine" or "distinctive" automobile, either American or foreign built, produced between 1915 to 1998. Post–World War II "classic cars" are not precisely defined and the term is often applied to any older vehicle.
  • 3.3K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
JASS
JASS and JASS2 (sometimes said to stand for Just Another Scripting Syntax) is a scripting language provided with an event-driven API created by Blizzard Entertainment. It is used extensively by their games Warcraft III (JASS2) and StarCraft (JASS) for scripting events in the game world. Map creators can use it in the Warcraft III World Editor and the Starcraft Editor to create scripts for triggers and AI (artificial intelligence) in custom maps and campaigns. Blizzard Entertainment has replaced JASS with Galaxy in Starcraft II.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Nov 2022
Biography
Edip Yüksel
Edip Yüksel (born December 20, 1957 in Güroymak, Turkey) is a Kurdish American author and philosophy professor of Sunni Muslim background. He is an exponent of the modern Islamic reform and Quranism (Quraniyoon) movements and is known for his criticism and rejection of both Sunni and Shiite versions of Islam. Author of several books on the Qur'an and Islam, he gained attention through his work
  • 3.3K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
HRM–CSR–SP Relationship
Human Resource Management–Corporate Social Responsibility–Sustainable Performance (HRM–CSR–SP) relationship is considered as a strong theoretical foundation where HRM is critical in educating firms on the values of CSR and leading behaviors to pursue a sustainable performance. This relationship explains the organizations’ behaviors towards developing and implementing CSR policies into strategic and operational decisions by engaging their employees supported by HRM practices to achieve sustainable performance (social, environmental, financial performance).
  • 3.3K
  • 17 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Adipose Tissue Development
Despite developing prenatally, the adipose tissue is unique in its ability to undergo drastic growth even after reaching its mature size. Proper adipose tissue development relies on tightly regulated processes that require careful coordination and cooperation between many different cell types and their matrix cues.
  • 3.3K
  • 25 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plug-in Electric Vehicles in France
The adoption of plug-in electric vehicles in the France is actively supported by the French government through a bonus-malus system through which provides subsidies towards the purchase of all-electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids with low CO2 emissions. The government also provides non-monetary incentives; subsidies for the deployment of charging infrastructure; and long term regulations with specific targets. Additionally, France passed a law in December 2019 to phase out sales of cars that burn fossil fuels by 2040. (As of September 2021), there were 687,876 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in use in France, consisting of 453,143 all-electric passenger cars and commercial vans, and 234,733 plug-in hybrids. Of these, over 50,000 were fully electric light commercial vehicles. The split among type of powertrain is influenced by the rules of the government subsidies, which favors pure electric vehicles over plug-in hybrids. The plug-in passenger car segment attained a market share of 0.5% in 2013, rose to 1.2% in 2015, 2.2% in 2018, and climbed to 2.8% in 2019. Despite the global strong decline in car sales brought by the COVID-19 pandemic, plug-in electric car sales in France during the first six months of 2020 achieved a record sales volume of 65,267 units, and a market share of 9.1%. (As of December 2019), France listed as the world's second largest market after China for light-duty electric commercial vehicles, with a stock of 49,340 utility vans in circulation. The market share of all-electric utility vans attained 1.2% of new vans registered in 2014, rose to 1.8% in 2018, but declined to 1.7% in 2019. The Renault Zoe has led all-electric car sales in France since 2013, and is the country's all-time best selling plug-in electric car with more than 100,000 units registered through June 2020. The electric utility van segment has been led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with over 21,000 units sold through February 2019.
  • 3.3K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Orange Peel Boards
The Orange Peel Board is a panel made by mixture of different proportions dried peels and wet peels. The commonly used processing method is thermo-pressing.  
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Jul 2021
Topic Review
The Occurrence of Microorganisms in Grassland Soils
Soil microorganisms are responsible for the mineralization of organic compounds and the course of various biogeochemical cycles. They have an influence on the biodiversity of entire ecosystems, including the plant cover. They are responsible for the productivity of soil and its structure, and they also affect the circulation of elements in nature. The count and species composition of soil microorganisms depend mainly on the physicochemical properties of the pedon, the amount of nutrients, the type of soil, and the species composition of the plant community. Plants significantly influence the species composition of soil microbial communities through the release or loss of compounds from plant roots to the surrounding soil environment and decomposition of litter and roots.
  • 3.3K
  • 19 May 2022
Topic Review
Hydroxyurea
Hydroxyurea (HU) is a non-alkylating agent administered for the management of different types of cancer or sickle cell disease. HU has a cytostatic action, blocking cell cycle in S-phase and also inducing double-stranded breaks in DNA. HU is generally well tolerated, however its widespread use has revealed the presence of adverse events related to tissues that have a high cellular turnover.
  • 3.3K
  • 16 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Recent Advances in Pterostilbene
Pterostilbene is a natural 3,5-dimethoxy analog of resveratrol. This stilbene compound has a strong bioactivity and exists widely in Dalbergia and Vaccinium spp. Besides natural extraction, pterostilbene can be obtained by biosynthesis. Pterostilbene has become popular because of its remarkable pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, anti-oxidation, anti-inflammation, and neuroprotection. Pterostilbene can be rapidly absorbed and is widely distributed in tissues, but it does not seriously accumulate in the body. Pterostilbene can easily pass through the blood-brain barrier because of its low molecular weight and good liposolubility. In this review, the studies performed in the last three years on resources, synthesis, bioactivity, and pharmacokinetics of pterostilbene are summarized.
  • 3.3K
  • 19 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Light detection and ranging (LiDAR)
Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is a 3D imaging technique, widely used in many applications such as augmented reality, automotive, machine vision, spacecraft navigation and landing. Achieving long-ranges and high-speed, most of all in outdoor applications with strong solar background illumination, are challenging requirements.
  • 3.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Islamo-Leftism
Islamo-leftism (Persian: چپ اسلامی‎; French: islamo(-)gauchisme, Spanish: Islamo-izquierdismo), adjectivally Islamo-leftist (French: islamo(-)gauchiste), is a neologism applied to the alleged political alliance between leftists and Islamists.
  • 3.3K
  • 24 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chitosan in Fish Biotechnology
Chitosan is increasingly used for safe drug and nucleic acid delivery due to well-known properties such as bioadhesion, low toxicity, biodegradability and biocompatibility. Furthermore, chitosan derivatization can be easily performed to improve solubility and stability of chitosan-nucleic acid polyplexes, and enhance efficient target cell drug delivery, cell uptake, intracellular endosomal escape, unpacking and nuclear import of expression plasmids. This review focus attention on recent advances in chitosan-mediated gene delivery for fish biotechnology applications such as fish vaccination against bacterial and viral infection, control of gonadal development, and gene overexpression and silencing for overcoming metabolic limitations such as dependence on protein-rich diets and low glucose tolerance of farmed fish.
  • 3.3K
  • 27 Oct 2020
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