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Topic Review
Benefits of Adjuvant/Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
In addition to established evidence of the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy (AC) for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), evidence of the effects of neoadjuvant treatments (NATs), including chemotherapy and chemoradiotherapy, has also been accumulating. Recent results from prospective studies and meta-analyses suggest that NATs may be beneficial not only for borderline resectable PDAC, but also for resectable PDAC, by increasing the likelihood of successful R0 resection, decreasing the likelihood of the development of lymph node metastasis, and improving recurrence-free and overall survival. In addition, response to NAT may be informative for predicting the clinical course after preoperative NAT followed by surgery; in this way, the postoperative treatment strategy can be revised based on the effect of NAT and the post-neoadjuvant therapy/surgery histopathological findings.
  • 676
  • 04 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Translational Application of Fluorescent Molecular Probes
Ischemia and reperfusion injury comprise complex mechanisms involving disarrangement of the splanchnic microcirculatory flow and impairment of the mitochondrial respiratory chain due to initial hypoxemia and subsequent oxidative stress during the reperfusion phase. 
  • 674
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Quality Optimization of Small Bowel Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) is one of the most highly utilised tools in the assessment of patients with small bowel Crohn’s disease (CD). As a non-invasive modality, it has both patient and procedure-related advantages over ileocolonoscopy which is the current gold standard for Crohn’s disease activity assessment. MRE relies upon high-quality images to ensure accurate disease activity assessment; however, few studies have explored the impact of image quality on the accuracy of small bowel CD activity assessment. Bowel distension and motion artifacts are two key imaging parameters that impact the quality of images obtained through MRE. Multiple strategies have been employed to both minimise the effects of motion artifacts and improve bowel distension.
  • 673
  • 28 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Inflammatory bowel diseases represent a complex array of diseases of incompletely known etiology that led to gastrointestinal tract chronic inflammation. In inflammatory bowel disease, a promising method of treatment is represented by fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). As the use, safety and effectiveness of FMT for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) has increased in recent years, it has also demonstrated real clinical benefits for treating SARS-CoV-2 and CDI co-infection. As a result of immune dysregulation, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis cause damage to the digestive tract.
  • 672
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Ileal Pouch–Anal Anastomosis and Pouchitis
Inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are life-long disorders characterized by the chronic relapsing inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract with the intermittent need for escalation treatment and, eventually, even surgery. The total proctocolectomy with ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA) is the surgical intervention of choice in subjects affected by ulcerative colitis (UC). Although IPAA provides satisfactory functional outcomes, it can be susceptible to some complications, including pouchitis as the most common.
  • 671
  • 18 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Endoscopy is an essential tool supporting inflammatory bowel disease diagnosis, and ileocolonoscopy is essential to the diagnostic process because it allows for histological sampling. A decent description of endoscopic lesions may lead to a correct final diagnosis up to 89% of the time. Moreover, endoscopy is key to evaluating endoscopic severity, which in both Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis is associated with worse disease outcomes (e.g., more frequent advanced therapy requirements or more frequent hospitalizations and surgeries). Endoscopic severity should be reported according to validated endoscopic scores, such as the Mayo endoscopic subscore (MES) or the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) for ulcerative colitis, the Rutgeerts score for postoperative Crohn’s recurrence, and the Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS) or the simplified endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD) for luminal Crohn’s disease activity. 
  • 669
  • 15 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Image-Guided Locoregional Therapies (LRTs)
Image-guided locoregional therapies (LRTs) are a crucial asset in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which has proven to be characterized by an impaired antitumor immune status. LRTs not only directly destroy tumor cells but also have an immunomodulating role, altering the tumor microenvironment with potential systemic effects. 
  • 666
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-Invasive Serological Markers of Hepatic Fibrosis
Liver fibrosis is a significant global health concern, leading to complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma if not diagnosed and managed effectively. Our study synthesizes recent advancements in the field, including serological test panels and imaging techniques, and discusses the limitations of current methods like liver biopsy. We believe that our findings could significantly contribute to the journal’s focus on liver diseases, offering valuable insights for both clinicians and researchers.
  • 666
  • 23 Dec 2024
Topic Review
Management of Pediatric Feeding Disorder
Pediatric feeding disorder (PFD) is defined as impaired oral intake that is not age appropriate and is associated with at least one dysfunctional domain: medical; nutritional; feeding skills; and psychosocial  Feeding difficulties take time to resolve and are best managed in progressive phases. A series of short-term goals are typically developed that can lead to complex interdisciplinary coordination of care. Using a stepwise treatment approach to PFD is important because, even though feeding problems are relatively common—occurring in up to 45% of children in the general population—the condition is severe enough to warrant intensive intervention in about 10%. A stepwise approach ensures that feeding problems are not overlooked or treated inappropriately.
  • 662
  • 03 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Methods of Measuring Pancreatic Cystic Lesion Size
The incidence of pancreatic cystic lesions (PCLs) has been rising due to improvements in imaging. Of these, intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are the most common and are thought to contribute to almost 20% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas. All major society guidelines for the management of IPMNs use size defined by maximum diameter as the primary determinant of whether surveillance or surgical resection is recommended. However, there is no consensus on how these measurements should be obtained or whether a single imaging modality is superior. Furthermore, the largest diameter may fail to capture the complexity of PCLs, as most are not perfectly spherical.
  • 662
  • 14 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Modulation in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), are chronic, disabling conditions affecting the gastrointestinal tract and characterized by an abnormal immune response to intestinal microflora in genetically susceptible individuals. For their progressive behavior, the recommended management involves optimal and early treatment, in order to prevent complications such as corticosteroids’ need, hospitalization, surgery and disability and dysplasia/cancer. Most S1P modulators are reported to be safe and effective in the treatment of both UC and CD. High and satisfactory rates of clinical remission as well as endoscopic improvement and remission can be achieved with these molecules. Safety alarms remain rather low, although the S1P binding to two of its G protein-coupled receptors, 2 and 3 (S1PR2 and S1PR3), may be associated with cardiovascular risks.
  • 659
  • 08 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Metabolic Syndrome
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by an association of cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus type 2 risk factors. Although the definition of MetS slightly differs depending on the society that described it, its central diagnostic criteria include impaired fasting glucose, low HDL-cholesterol, elevated triglycerides levels and high blood pressure. Insulin resistance (IR) is believed to be the main cause of MetS and is connected to the level of visceral or intra-abdominal adipose tissue, which could be assessed either by calculating body mass index or by measuring waist circumference. Studies revealed that IR may also be present in non-obese patients, and considered visceral adiposity to be the main effector of MetS’ pathology. Visceral adiposity is strongly linked with hepatic fatty infiltration also known as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), therefore, the level of fatty acids in the hepatic parenchyma is indirectly linked with MetS, being both a cause and a consequence of this syndrome.
  • 657
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Transoral Outlet Reduction for Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass
Obesity is a chronic relapsing disease of global pandemic proportions. In this context, an increasing number of patients are undergoing bariatric surgery, which is considered the most effective weight loss treatment for long-term improvement in obesity-related comorbidities. One of the most popular bariatric surgeries is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB).
  • 657
  • 15 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Theragnostic Strategies in Colorectal Cancer
Liquid biopsy has emerged as a minimally invasive tool that is capable of detecting genomic alterations from primary or metastatic tumors, allowing the prognostic stratification of patients, the detection of the minimal residual disease after surgical or systemic treatments, the monitoring of therapeutic response, and the development of resistance, establishing an opportunity for early intervention before imaging detection or worsening of clinical symptoms. On the other hand, preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrated the role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in promoting inflammatory responses and cancer initiation. Altered gut microbiota is associated with resistance to chemo drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors, whereas the use of microbe-targeted therapies including antibiotics, pre-probiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation can restore response to anticancer drugs, promote immune response, and therefore support current treatment strategies in colorectal cancer (CRC).
  • 654
  • 10 Mar 2021
Topic Review
The Intestinal Microbiota in Chronic Liver Disease
Chronic liver disease (CLD) is a significant global health burden, leading to millions of deaths annually. The gut–liver axis plays a pivotal role in this context, allowing the transport of gut-derived products directly to the liver, as well as biological compounds from the liver to the intestine. The gut microbiota plays a significant role in maintaining the health of the digestive system. A change in gut microbiome composition as seen in dysbiosis is associated with immune dysregulation, altered energy and gut hormone regulation, and increased intestinal permeability, contributing to inflammatory mechanisms and damage to the liver, irrespective of the underlying etiology of CLD.
  • 653
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
COVID-19 in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
The liver is a secondary and often collateral target of COVID-19 disease but can lead to important consequences. COVID-19 might directly cause a high number of complications in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease, increasing their risk of hepatic decompensation. Moreover, it also determines indirect consequences in the management of patients with liver disease, especially in those suffering from decompensated cirrhosis and HCC, as well as in the execution of their follow-up and the availability of all therapeutic possibilities. Liver imaging in COVID-19 patients proved to be highly nonspecific, but it can still be useful for identifying the complications that derive from the infection.
  • 652
  • 27 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Endoscopic and Surgical Management of Stricturing Crohn’s Disease
Crohn’s disease (CD) is a systemic disease, primarily affecting the gastro-intestinal tract, of which the etiology has not been clarified. Genetic and environmental factors are indicated to contribute to CD development. CD may affect any part of the digestive tract, whereas disease behavior may change over time and progress to fibrostenotic and penetrating disease. It is estimated that approximately 40% of CD patients will develop naïve symptomatic strictures (e.g., intestinal obstruction), whereas it is not uncommon for the development of anastomotic strictures. Diagnosis <40 years of age, need for steroids at diagnosis, small bowel involvement, and smoking has been associated with stricturing CD. Symptoms of stricturing CD may include nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramping, and abdominal flatulence, leading to decreased quality of life.
  • 651
  • 06 May 2022
Topic Review
Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Acute Pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a digestive emergency and can develop into a systematic illness. The role of the gut in the progression and deterioration of AP has drawn much attention from researchers, and areas of interest include dysbiosis of the intestinal flora, weakened intestinal barrier function, and bacterial and endotoxin translocation. Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), as one of the metabolites of gut microbiota, have been proven to be depleted in AP patients. SCFAs help restore gut homeostasis by rebuilding gut flora, stabilizing the intestinal epithelial barrier, and regulating inflammation. SCFAs can also suppress systematic inflammatory responses, improve the injured pancreas, and prevent and protect other organ dysfunctions. Based on multiple beneficial effects, increasing SCFAs is an essential idea of gut protective treatment in AP. Specific strategies include the direct use of butyrate or indirect supplementation through fiber, pre/pro/synbiotics, or fecal microbiota transplantation as a promising adjective therapy to enteral nutrition.
  • 649
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Definition and Diagnosis of Barrett’s Esophagus
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is rapidly increasing in incidence and is associated with a poor prognosis. Barrett’s esophagus (BE) is a known precursor of esophageal adenocarcinoma. 
  • 645
  • 14 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Management of Cholestatic Liver Diseases
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) are two chronic cholestatic liver diseases affecting bile ducts that may progress to biliary cirrhosis.
  • 643
  • 07 May 2021
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