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Topic Review
Renin-Angiotensin System Dysregulation as Severe COVID-19 Factor
Since the first months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several specific physiologic traits, such as male sex and older age, or health conditions, such as overweight/obesity, arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, have been found to be highly prevalent and associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients. All these cardiovascular morbidities are widespread in the population and often coexist, thus identifying a common patient phenotype, characterized by a hyper-activation of the “classic” renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and mediated by the binding of angiotensin II (Ang II) to the type 1-receptor. At the same time, the RAS imbalance was proved to be crucial in the genesis of lung injury after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, where angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) is not only the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, but its down-regulation through internalization and shedding, caused by the virus binding, leads to a further dysregulation of RAS by reducing angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) production. 
  • 861
  • 23 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Rodent Models of Dilated Cardiomyopathy and Heart Failure
Even with modern therapy, patients with heart failure only have a 50% five-year survival rate. To improve the development of new therapeutic strategies, preclinical models of disease are needed to properly emulate the human condition. Determining the most appropriate model represents the first key step for reliable and translatable experimental research. Rodent models of heart failure provide a strategic compromise between human in vivo similarity and the ability to perform a larger number of experiments and explore many therapeutic candidates.
  • 861
  • 05 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Exosomes in Ischemic Heart Disease
Exosomes are a subgroup of extracellular vesicles that can be secreted by virtually all types of cells, including cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and stem and progenitor cells.
  • 859
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Congenital Heart Defects in Newborns
Congenital heart disease is a group of pathologies characterized by structural malformations of the heart or great vessels. These alterations occur during the embryonic period and are the most frequently observed severe congenital malformations, the main cause of neonatal mortality due to malformation, and the second most frequent congenital malformations overall after malformations of the central nervous system. The severity of different types of congenital heart disease varies depending on the combination of associated anatomical defects. The causes of these malformations are usually considered multifactorial, but genetic variants play a key role. Currently, use of high-throughput genetic technologies allows identification of pathogenic aneuploidies, deletions/duplications of large segments, as well as rare single nucleotide variants. The high incidence of congenital heart disease as well as the associated complications makes it necessary to establish a diagnosis as early as possible to adopt the most appropriate measures in a personalized approach. In this review, we provide an exhaustive update of the genetic bases of the most frequent congenital heart diseases as well as other syndromes associated with congenital heart defects, and how genetic data can be translated to clinical practice in a personalized approach. 
  • 859
  • 28 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sarcomeric versus Non-Sarcomeric HCM
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is the most common heritable cardiovascular disorder and is characterized by left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), which is unexplained by abnormal loading conditions. HCM is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait and, in about 40% of patients, the causal mutation is identified in genes encoding sarcomere proteins.
  • 859
  • 20 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Roles of MicroRNAs in Veterinary Cardiology
MicroRNAs are promising novel biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of cardiovascular diseases. These molecules are defined as a class of short-sequence non-coding RNAs that influence the expression of numerous genes. Each miRNA is a short sequence of non-coding RNA that influences countless genes’ expression and, thereby, contributes to several physiological pathways and diseases. It has been demonstrated that miRNAs participate in the development of many cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The growing understanding of cardiac biology contributed to recognising specific abnormal microRNA expression when diseases are present, which makes them potential biomarkers and therapeutical targets.
  • 858
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in the world, with an estimated prevalence of 2 to 4%. It is defined as supraventricular tachyarrhythmia with uncoordinated atrial electrical activation, which results in chaotic and irregular activation of atrial pacemaker cells and thus ineffective mechanical contraction of the atrial chambers.
  • 858
  • 11 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Gender Differences and Cardiometabolic Risk
Metabolic syndrome (Mets) is a clinical condition characterized by a cluster of major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes: proatherogenic dyslipidemia, elevated blood pressure, dysglycemia, and abdominal obesity. Each risk factor has an independent effect, but, when aggregated, they become synergistic, doubling the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and causing a 1.5-fold increase in all-cause mortality.
  • 858
  • 27 Feb 2023
Topic Review
LCZ696 in Patients with Hypertension
Hypertension is a well-known and modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease worldwide. However, the management of hypertension remains suboptimal throughout the world. LCZ696 (Sacubitril/valsartan) was approved for the treatment of heart failure. Several randomized control trials showed that LCZ696 achieved the target blood pressure control without significant adverse fffects. This meta-analysis including randomized control trials to precisely determine the effectiveness and safety of LCZ696 for the treatment of high aterial pressure.  
  • 857
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Main Components of Exercise Rehabilitation Training for PAH
Physical activity is one of the most important modifiable factors in our lifestyle and may significantly impact the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Exercise may modulate a variety of molecular mechanisms related to proliferation, apoptosis, oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, proteolysis, and vasodilatation. Without a doubt, exercise training (ET) is necessary in order to reverse the physical impairment that accompanies pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and to maximize the benefits of pharmacotherapy without apparent clinical risk.
  • 857
  • 08 Dec 2022
Topic Review
NcRNAs in Cardiac Action Potential
microRNAs represent the most studied type of small ncRNAs and it has been demonstrated that miRNAs play essential roles in multiple biological contexts, including normal development and diseases. Cardiac arrhythmias are prevalent among humans across all age ranges, affecting millions of people worldwide. While cardiac arrhythmias vary widely in their clinical presentation, they possess shared complex electrophysiologic properties at cellular level that have not been fully studied. 
  • 856
  • 15 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy
Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) is a cardiomyopathy characterized by the occurrence of a high risk of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death even at presentation. 
  • 856
  • 13 May 2022
Topic Review
Patient-Specific 3D-Printed Models in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease
Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has become increasingly used in the medical field, with reports demonstrating its superior advantages in both educational and clinical value when compared with standard image visualizations or current diagnostic approaches. Patient-specific or personalized 3D printed models serve as a valuable tool in cardiovascular disease because of the difficulty associated with comprehending cardiovascular anatomy and pathology on 2D flat screens. Additionally, the added value of using 3D-printed models is especially apparent in congenital heart disease (CHD), due to its wide spectrum of anomalies and its complexity. 
  • 855
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Epigenetic Modifications, Elderly Cardiovascular Disease
The rate of aging has increased globally during recent decades and has led to a rising burden of age-related diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD). At the molecular level, epigenetic modifications have been shown recently to alter gene expression during the life course and impair cellular function. In this regard, several CVD risk factors, such as lifestyle and environmental factors, have emerged as key factors in epigenetic modifications within the cardiovascular system.
  • 854
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Ultrasound Assessment in Cardiogenic Shock Weaning
Cardiogenic shock (CS) is associated with a high in-hospital mortality despite the achieved advances in diagnosis and management. Invasive mechanical ventilation and circulatory support constitute the highest step in cardiogenic shock therapy. Once established, taking the decision of weaning from such support is challenging. Intensive care unit (ICU) bedside echocardiography pro- vides noninvasive, immediate, and low-cost monitoring of hemodynamic parameters such as cardiac output, filling pressure, structural disease, congestion status, and device functioning. Supplemented by an ultrasound of the lung and diaphragm, it is able to provide valuable information about signs suggesting a weaning failure. The aim of this article was to review the state of the art taking into account current evidence and knowledge on ICU bedside ultrasound for the evaluation of weaning from mechanical ventilation and circulatory support in cardiogenic shock.
  • 854
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Insulin Receptors and Insulin Action in Heart
Heart failure is an early and severe complication of diabetes mellitus. The endocrine system and the heart are two interrelated entities, as this is proven by the close relationship between insulin and cardiac function. Insulin significantly contributes to cardioprotection via multiple pathways and various subsequent downstream proteins. Even slight malfunction in the participating pathways can lead to myocardial dysfunction, resulting finally in overt heart failure. At this stage, the implantation of an Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) and its contribution to the regulation of the neuromodulatory effects of insulin on the heart is pivotal and may decelerate, stabilize, or even revert the deleterious cascades that have been activated in end-stage heart failure.
  • 854
  • 27 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Chronic Thoracic Aortic Dissection
Thoracic aortic dissection (AD) is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Acute aortic syndrome is the first presentation of the disease in most cases. While acute AD management follows concrete guidelines because of its urgent and life-threatening nature, chronic AD is usually overlooked, although it concerns a wide spectrum of patients surviving an acute event. 
  • 851
  • 31 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Fibrinolysis for Patients with COVID-19
An impaired fibrinolytic process has been demonstrated in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, including those in severe or critical condition. Disruption of fibrinolysis leads to fibrin deposition, which exacerbates inflammation and fibrosis and damages the pulmonary surfactant. Numerous authors point out the different course of coagulopathy in patients with COVID-19. It is reported that they may have a state of secondary hyperfibrinolysis, which may explain, at least in part, the increased incidence of venous thromboembolism, even among those patients already receiving appropriate anticoagulant treatment. This raises the question of whether current guidelines for the prevention and treatment of embolic–thrombotic complications, among patients with severe COVID-19, are sufficient. Some studies show evidence of clinical improvement in patients who have received fibrinolytic therapy, beyond the current indications for its implementation. 
  • 850
  • 07 Nov 2022
Topic Review
ECMO Management in Severely Hypothermic Cardiac Arrest Patients
Accidental hypothermia, defined as an unintentional drop of the body core temperature below 35 °C, is one of the causes of cardiocirculatory instability and reversible cardiac arrest. Currently, extracorporeal life support (ECLS) rewarming is recommended as a first-line treatment for hypothermic cardiac arrest patients. The aim of the ECLS rewarming is not only rapid normalization of core temperature but also maintenance of adequate organ perfusion. Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a preferred technique due to its lower anticoagulation requirements and potential to prolong circulatory support. Although highly efficient, ECMO is acknowledged as an invasive treatment option, requiring experienced medical personnel and is associated with the risk of serious complications. 
  • 850
  • 08 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Cardiac Rehabilitation in COVID-19 Patients
Recent scientific literature has investigated the cardiovascular implications of COVID-19. The mechanisms of cardiovascular damage seem to involve the protein angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to which severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus-2 (CoV-2) binds to penetrate cells and other mechanisms, most of which are still under study. Cardiovascular sequelae of COVID-19 include heart failure, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome, arrhythmias, and venous thromboembolism.
  • 849
  • 24 May 2021
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