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Topic Review
Individualized Hemodynamic Management in Sepsis
Hemodynamic optimization remains the cornerstone of resuscitation in the treatment of sepsis and septic shock. Delay or inadequate management will inevitably lead to hypoperfusion, tissue hypoxia or edema, and fluid overload, leading eventually to multiple organ failure, seriously affecting outcomes. According to a large international survey (FENICE study), physicians frequently use inadequate indices to guide fluid management in intensive care units. Goal-directed and “restrictive” infusion strategies have been recommended by guidelines over “liberal” approaches for several years. Unfortunately, these “fixed regimen” treatment protocols neglect the patient’s individual needs, and what is shown to be beneficial for a given population may not be so for the individual patient. However, applying multimodal, contextualized, and personalized management could potentially overcome this problem.
  • 1.0K
  • 12 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
The aim of this study was to assess the current scientific data and to summarize systematically the evidence of efficiency of adenotonsillectomy (AT) and orthodontic treatment (i.e.: rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and mandibular advancement (MA)) in the treatment of pediatric OSA. AT and orthodontic treatment were more effective together than separately to cure OSA in pediatric patients. There was a higher decrease of Apnea Hypoapnea Index (AHI) and Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI), a major increase of the lowest oxygen saturation and the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) after undergoing both treatments. Nevertheless, reappearance of OSA could occur several years after reporting adequate treatment. In order to avoid recurrence, myofunctional therapy (MT) could be recommended as follow-up. However, further studies with good clinical evidence are required to confirm this finding.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Molecular Characterization of MTUT
Muellerian-type tumors of the urinary tract (MTUT) were implemented in the 2016 WHO classification as an entity comprising clear cell adenocarcinomas (CCAs) and endometrioid adenocarcinomas (EAs) of the bladder/urinary tract . The histologically clear cell tumors were initially described as mesonephric adenocarcinomas by Konnak in 1973 and re-named as clear cell adenocarcinomas in 1985 by Young and Scully.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Serotoninergic System in Brain Disorders
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) is a biogenic monoamine acting as a neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), local mediator in the gut, a mitogen factor, and vasoactive agent in the blood. It has been linked to a variety of CNS functions and is implicated in many CNS and psychiatric disorders. The high comorbidity between some neuropathies can be partially understood by the fact that these diseases share a common etiology involving the serotoninergic system. The developing CNS of fetus and newborn is particularly susceptible to environmental pollutants, and perinatal exposure could result in the later development of brain disorders.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
The HSC Niche in β-thalassemia and SCD
Hemoglobinopathies are inherited disorders affecting hemoglobin (Hb) production, estimated to be the most common monogenic diseases worldwide. In the last decade, research on pathophysiology and therapeutic solutions for β-thalassemia (BThal) and sickle cell disease (SCD) has been mostly focused on the primary erythroid defect, thus neglecting the study of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and bone marrow (BM) microenvironment. The quality and engraftment of HSCs depend on the BM microenvironment, influencing the outcome of HSC transplantation (HSCT) both in allogeneic and in autologous gene therapy settings. In BThal and SCD, the consequences of severe anemia alter erythropoiesis and cause chronic stress in different organs, including the BM. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Hedgehog Signaling during Nerve Healing
The peripheral nervous has important regenerative capacities that regulate and restore peripheral nerve homeostasis. Following peripheral nerve injury, the nerve undergoes a highly regulated degeneration and regeneration process, called Wallerian degeneration, where numerous cell populations interact to allow proper nerve regeneration. Recent studies have evidenced the prominent role of morphogenetic Hedgehog signaling pathway and its main effectors, Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) and Desert Hedgehog (DHH) in the regenerative drive following nerve injury. Furthermore, dysfunctional regeneration and/or dysfunctional Hedgehog signaling participate in the development of chronic neuropathic pain that sometimes accompanies nerve healing in the clinical context. Understanding the implications of this key signaling pathway could provide exciting new perspectives for future research on peripheral nerve healing.  
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Dec 2020
Topic Review
STIM1/Orai1-Mediated SOCE
Store-operated Ca 2+ entry (SOCE), also known as capacitive calcium entry (CCE), consists in a Ca2+influx downstream of ER/SR Ca2+stores and it is a pivotal mechanism in cellular calcium signaling and in maintaining cellular calcium homeostasis. The concept of SOCE was first postulated by Putney in 1986 who demonstrated that in salivary gland cells the depletion of internal Ca2+stores controlled the extent of Ca2+influx.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Determinants in Severe Asthma
Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease usually characterized by inflammatory changes in the lower airways that requires long-term management.
  • 998
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Airway Structural Changes in Asthma
Increased airway wall thickness and remodeling of bronchial mucosa are characteristic of asthma and may arise from altered integrin signaling on airway cells. Here, we analyzed the expression of β1-subfamily integrins on blood and airway cells (flow cytometry), inflammatory biomarkers in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage, reticular basement membrane (RBM) thickness and collagen deposits in the mucosa (histology), and airway geometry (CT-imaging) in 92 asthma patients (persistent airflow limitation subtype: n=47) and 36 controls. Persistent airflow limitation was associated with type-2 inflammation, elevated soluble α2 integrin chain, and changes in the bronchial wall geometry. Both subtypes of asthma showed thicker RBM than control, but collagen deposition and epithelial α1 and α2 integrins staining were similar. Type-I collagen accumulation and RBM thickness were inversely related to the epithelial expression of the α2 integrin chain. Expression of α2β1 integrin on T-cells and eosinophils was not altered in asthma. Collagen I deposits were, however, more abundant in patients with lower α2β1 integrin on blood and airway CD8+ T-cells. Thicker airway walls in CT were associated with lower α2 integrin chain on blood CD4+ T-cells and airway eosinophils. Our data suggest that α2β1 integrin on inflammatory and epithelial cells may protect against airway remodeling advancement in asthma.
  • 997
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Pathophysiology of TBI Associated Sleep Dysfunction
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most prevalent causes of morbidity in the United States and is associated with numerous chronic sequelae long after the point of injury. One of the most common long-term complaints in patients with TBI is sleep dysfunction. It is reported that alterations in melatonin follow TBI and may be linked with various sleep and circadian disorders directly (via cellular signaling) or indirectly (via free radicals and inflammatory signaling). 
  • 997
  • 27 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Neonatal Screening for MPS Disorders
Newborn screening enables the diagnosis of treatable disorders at the early stages, and because of its countless benefits, conditions have been continuously added to screening panels, allowing early intervention, aiming for the prevention of irreversible manifestations and even premature death. Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) are lysosomal storage disorders than can benefit from an early diagnosis, and thus are being recommended for newborn screening. They are multisystemic progressive disorders, with treatment options already available for several MPS types. MPS I was the first MPS disorder enrolled in the newborn screening (NBS) panel in the USA and a few other countries, and other MPS types are expected to be added. Very few studies about NBS for MPS in Latin America have been published so far.
  • 996
  • 27 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetic Subjects
Endothelial Dysfunction is a condition of altered metabolism and function of endothelium inducing vascular injury and defective repair.
  • 996
  • 06 Jan 2021
Topic Review
EDCs and Prostate Disease
Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) belong to a heterogeneous class of environmental pollutants widely diffused in different aquatic and terrestrial habitats. This implies that humans and animals are continuously exposed to EDCs from different matrices and sources. Moreover, pollution derived from anthropic and industrial activities leads to combined exposure to substances with multiple mechanisms of action on the endocrine system and correlated cell and tissue targets. For this reason, specific organs, such as the prostate gland, which physiologically are under the control of hormones like androgens and estrogens, are particularly sensitive to EDC stimulation. It is now well known that an imbalance in hormonal regulation can cause the onset of various prostate diseases, from benign prostate hyperplasia to prostate cancer.
  • 994
  • 21 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Exercise Mitigates Pathological Liver Changes
Exercise attenuates pathological changes in the liver induced by high-fat diets. The underlying mechanisms might be related to Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (NRF2) and mediated by SIRT1/AMPK signaling. 
  • 993
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Chromatin and Cancer
A hallmark of cancers is uncontrolled cell proliferation, frequently associated with an underlying imbalance in gene expression. This transcriptional dysregulation observed in cancers is multifaceted and involves chromosomal rearrangements, chimeric transcription factors, or altered epigenetic marks. Traditionally, chromatin dysregulation in cancers has been considered a downstream effect of driver mutations. Disruption of this large-scale chromatin in proliferating cancerous cells in conventional chemotherapies induces DNA damage and provides a positive feedback loop for chromatin rearrangements and tumor diversification. Consequently, the surviving cells from these chemotherapies become tolerant to higher doses of the therapeutic reagents, which are significantly toxic to normal cells. Furthermore, the disorganization of chromatin induced by these therapies accentuates nuclear fragility, thereby increasing the invasive potential of these tumors.
  • 993
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Electronic Cigarettes
Electronic cigarettes (EC) are a novel product, marketed as an alternative to tobacco cigarette. Its effects on human health have not been investigated widely yet, especially in specific populations such as patients with asthma.
  • 992
  • 18 Aug 2021
Topic Review
COVID-19 on Sexual&Reproductive Health
The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly transformed the pre-existing worldwide sexual and reproductive health environment. The provision and supply of contraceptives, and a wide variety of sexual health, new-born, and maternal health services have been seriously affected. Thus, this scoping review mapped the available evidence on the impacts of the COVID-19 outbreak on sexual and reproductive health. 
  • 990
  • 20 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in AD
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia and the sixth cause of death in the world, constituting a major health problem for aging societies. This disease is a neurodegenerative continuum with well-established pathology hallmarks, namely the deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides in extracellular plaques and intracellular hyperphosphorylated forms of the microtubule associated protein tau forming neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), accompanied by neuronal and synaptic loss. Interestingly, patients who will eventually develop AD manifest brain pathology decades before clinical symptoms appear. Among all the proposed pathogenic mechanisms to understand the etiology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), increased oxidative stress seems to be a robust and early disease feature where many of those hypotheses converge. 
  • 990
  • 06 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Moonlighting Metalloproteinase
Protein moonlighting a.k.a. gene sharing has been defined as the concept that one protein processes multiple tasks and plays multiple roles [1]. Thus, multifunctional proteins are designated as moonlighting proteins. Matrix metalloproteinases play multiple roles in extracellular proteolysis and intracellular gene regulation [2,3], prompting us to propose a new definition of Moonlighting Metalloproteinase (MMP).
  • 989
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Roles of Adrenoceptors in Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is an arterial disease that is characterized by the narrowing of the arterial lumen due to the subendothelial accumulation of lipids. Atherosclerosis is the key underlying mechanism for ischemic heart disease and stroke. Despite the availability of a wide array of effective lipid-lowering medications such as statins, ezetimibe, and PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin-like kexin type 9) inhibitors, ischemic heart disease and stroke remain the leading two causes of mortality globally, highlighting the need to identify new therapeutic strategies for atherosclerosis.
  • 989
  • 29 Aug 2023
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