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Topic Review
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
PGPB can be used effectively under conditions of nutrient deficiency and are gradually replacing fertilizers. As phytostimulants, PGPB can increase plant growth and crop yield. Some of these bacteria can suppress phytopathogens by producing various metabolites, which is referred to biocontrol properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Superabsorbent Polymers
Natural strategies for protecting the environment as well as plant, animal and human health is considered one of the main goals of developed countries. Recently, the use of absorbent polymers and hydrogel in agriculture has demonstrated several benefits for soil amendments, saving water content, reducing the consumption of soil nutrients, minimizing the negative impacts of dehydration and moisture stress in crops and controlling several phytopathogens.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Autophagy in Plant Cell Death
Autophagy is considered as a two-faced process: it can ensure cell survival as well as promote cell death. Autophagic cell death (ACD) is the second form of animal PCD. It is associated with increased numbers of autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and small lytic vacuoles. Autophagic death is a controversial idea that has been discussed and debated many times. Although our knowledge of this subject in plants is limited, a few examples of cell death with autophagy have been described.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Seed Deterioration and Ageing
Seeds are classified as either: orthodox, seeds that tolerate dehydration; recalcitrant, seeds that are high in moisture content and cannot withstand intensive desiccation; or intermediate, seeds that survive dehydration but die during dry storage at low temperatures. Seed lifespan depends on the seed category and also varies from one species to another. The rate of loss of vigor and viability of orthodox seeds depends mainly on temperature and seed moisture content (MC); the lower the MC and storage temperature, the longer the longevity. Ultimately, storage in liquid nitrogen or seed ultra-drying by well-adapted processes should allow for long-term storage. 
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response Signaling
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important subcellular organelle, primarily recognized as a checkpoint for protein folding. It plays an essential role in ensuring the proper folding and maturation of newly secreted and transmembrane proteins. Different processes are activated when around one-third of newly synthesized proteins enter the ER in the eukaryote cells, such as glycosylation, folding, and/or the assembling of these proteins into protein complexes. However, protein folding in the ER is an error-prone process whereby various stresses easily interfere, leading to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins and causing ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a process that involves sensing ER stress. Many strategies have been developed to reduce ER stress, such as UPR, ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagy.  TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian   TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Communication Mode between Microorganisms
Various processes such as rhizospheric competence, antibiosis, release of enzymes, and induction of systemic resistance in host plants are all used by microbes to influence plant-microbe interactions. These processes are largely founded on chemical signalling. Producing, releasing, detecting, and responding to chemicals are all part of chemical signalling. Different microbes released distinct sorts of chemical signal molecules which interacts with the environment and hosts. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Tension wood of Catalpa bungei
Catalpa bungei is an economically important tree with high-quality wood and highly valuable to the study of wood formation. Tension wood (TW) is a special kind of wood and can represent an excellent model for studying the formation of xylem cell walls. There was no obvious gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the TW of C. bungei and that the secondary wall deposition in the TW was reduced compared with that in the opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW). The cellulose and pectin content and pectin methylation in the TW were lower than those in the OW and NW according to Raman spectroscopy, and many genes and proteins involved in the metabolic pathways of cellulose and pectin, such as galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), polygalacturonase (PG), endoglucanase (CLE) and β-glucosidase (BGLU) genes, were significantly upregulated in TW. In addition, the MYB2 transcription factor may regulate the pectin degradation genes PG1 and PG3, and ARF, ERF, SBP and MYB1 may be the key transcription factors regulating the synthesis and decomposition of cellulose.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
The bHLH Transcription Factor Family in Plants
Plant basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are involved in many physiological processes, and they play important roles in the abiotic stress responses. bHLH transcription factors are among the superfamilies that are commonly found in plants and animals. The conserved bHLH domain contains approximately 60 amino acids (aa), including a basic DNA binding region and two amphipathic α-helices that are separated by a loop region with a variable length. The basic region consists of the first 15 amino acids. Most bHLH proteins have a glutamic acid residue at position 9 (E9), which can interact with the CA nucleotides in the DNA sequence.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Tetrapyrrole- and GUN1-Dependent Signaling
Tetrapyrroles are involved in various functions critical to whole organisms’ viability, including light absorption, electron transfer, and oxygen binding.  GUN1 contributes to important biological processes, including plastid protein homeostasis, through transcription, translation, and protein import.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Interstitial Telomeric-like Repeats (ITR)
Interstitial telomeric repeat (ITR) sites, also known as interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs), consist of tandem repeats of telomeric motifs that are located within intrachromosomal regions, including repeats located close to the centromeres and the ones found between the centromeres and the telomeres.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Regulation of MYBs in Lignification
The regulation of transcription factors on plants is not single but is regulated by levels of transcription factors at different levels, forming a huge regulatory network and playing a regulatory role. So, what is the regulation between MYB transcription factor and plant secondary wall synthesis? Next, we will try to explain it in detail. In this part, we discuss first the regulation of SCW biosynthesis by MYB46/83 as the second main switch. Next, we consider how other MYB TFs regulate cell-wall biosynthesis in plants.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Aquilaria sinensis Xylem
Authors analyzed the mechanism and the process of fungal-induced agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis and studied the functional changes in the xylem structure after the process. The microscopic structure of the white zone, transition zone, agarwood zone, and decay zone xylem was studied. The distribution of nuclei, starch grains, soluble sugars, sesquiterpenes, fungal propagules, and mycelium in xylem tissues was investigated by histochemical analysis. The results show that the process of agarwood formation was accompanied by apoptosis of parenchyma cells such as interxylary phloem, xylem rays, and axial parenchyma. Regular changes in the conversion of starch grains to soluble sugars, the production of sesquiterpenoids, and other characteristic components of agarwood in various types of parenchyma cells were also observed. The material transformation was concentrated in the interxylary phloem, providing a structural and material basis for the formation of agarwood. It is the core part of the production of sesquiterpenoids and other characteristic products of agarwood. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Endophytic B. Subtilis
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is a valuable food crop with great importance in ensuring food security worldwide. One of the most acute problems of modern agriculture and food industry is the loss of potato tubers (about 40-60% of the total harvest) during storage from diseases. Beneficial antagonistic bacteria  Bacillus subtilis, generally recognized as safe microorganisms (GRAS) to use in the food industry, are considered a bio‐active and eco‐friendly agent for controlling postharvest decays of potato. Of special interests are endophytic B. subtilis, living inside plant tissues, which allows them to be less dependent on external environmental factors (compared to rhizosphere and phyllosphere strains) while exhibiting "useful" features. Due to it is difficult to select an individual effective microbial strain with a broad spectrum of activity against a range of pathogens an interest is co-application of B. subtilis with other methods (biological, physical) in an integrated vision of disease management. In this study, the effect of endophytic B. subtilis (strains 10‐4, 26D) and their compositions with salicylic acid (SA) on some resistance and quality traits of stored potatoes infected with Fusarium oxysporum-caused dry rot were studied. The results that are presented here establish that the treatment of potato tubers immediately before storage with endophytic bacteria B. subtilis (10‐4, 26D) individually and in combinations with SA reduced the incidence of F. oxysporum‐mediated dry rot (up to 50%) in potatoes during long‐term storage, with the highest protective effect upon application of composition B. subtilis 10‐4 + SA.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plant Ribonuclease J
RNA quality control is an indispensable but poorly understood process that enables organisms to distinguish functional RNAs from nonfunctional or inhibitory ones. In chloroplasts, whose gene expression activities are required for photosynthesis, retrograde signaling and plant development, RNA quality control is of paramount importance as transcription is relatively unregulated. The functional RNA population is distilled from this initial transcriptome by a combination of RNA-binding proteins and ribonucleases. One of the key enzymes is RNase J, a 5’ - 3’ exoribonuclease, and endoribonuclease, that has been shown to trim 5’ and 3’ RNA termini, and eliminate deleterious antisense RNA. In the absence of RNase J, embryo development cannot be completed. Land plant RNase J contains a highly conserved C-terminal domain that is found in GT-1 DNA-binding transcription factors and is not present in its bacterial, archaeal and algal counterparts. The GT-1 domain may confer specificity through DNA and/or RNA binding and/or protein-protein interactions, and thus be an element in the mechanisms that identify target transcripts among diverse RNA populations. Further understanding of chloroplast RNA quality control relies on discovering how RNase J is regulated, and how its specificity is imparted.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Avocado Conservation
Avocado is sensitive to desiccation, chilling and freezing stress and is recalcitrant for seed banking. Field-based living germplasm collections are currently the most used conservation method to protect and preserve the genetic diversity of this species. Cryopreservation offers a secure long-term method to maintain avocado genetic resources in a space efficient and de-risked manner. 
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Crosstalk of H2S with Signaling/Phytohormones under Changing Environments
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) serves as an important gaseous signaling molecule that is involved in intra- and intercellular signal transduction in plant–environment interactions. In plants, H2S is formed in sulfate/cysteine reduction pathways. The activation of endogenous H2S and its exogenous application has been found to be highly effective in ameliorating a wide variety of stress conditions in plants. The H2S interferes with the cellular redox regulatory network and prevents the degradation of proteins from oxidative stress via post-translational modifications (PTMs). H2S-mediated persulfidation allows the rapid response of proteins in signaling networks to environmental stimuli. In addition, regulatory crosstalk of H2S with other gaseous signals and plant growth regulators enable the activation of multiple signaling cascades that drive cellular adaptation.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Jasmonic Acid in Plant Response to Necrotrophic Fungi
Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, all named jasmonates, are the simplest phytohormones which regulate multifarious plant physiological processes including development, growth and defense responses to various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Moreover, jasmonate plays an important mediator’s role during plant interactions with necrotrophic oomycetes and fungi in the process of activation defense responses.
  • 1.3K
  • 05 May 2023
Topic Review
Phosphate Accumulation
Recent studies have shown various metabolic and transcriptomic interactions between sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P) in plants. However, most studies have focused on the effects of phosphate (Pi) availability and P signaling pathways on S homeostasis, whereas the effects of S availability on P homeostasis remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the interactions between S and P from the perspective of S availability. We investigated the effects of S availability on Pi uptake, transport, and accumulation in Arabidopsis thaliana grown under sulfur sufficiency (+S) and deficiency (−S). Total P in shoots was significantly increased under −S owing to higher Pi accumulation. This accumulation was facilitated by increased Pi uptake under −S. In addition, −S increased root-to-shoot Pi transport, which was indicated by the increased Pi levels in xylem sap under −S. The −S-increased Pi level in the xylem sap was diminished in the disruption lines of PHT1;9 and PHO1, which are involved in root-to-shoot Pi transport. Our findings indicate a new aspect of the interaction between S and P by listing the increased Pi accumulation as part of −S responses and by highlighting the effects of −S on Pi uptake, transport, and homeostasis.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Clean Label in Bread
A clean-label product can be referred to as food or ingredients that are more natural, organic, or not chemical-sounding and free of additives/preservatives. The bread industry and bakeries are going for clean-label products, adding only natural ingredients and additive-/preservative-free formulations but keeping the bread quality high. Thus, more research on natural ingredients can give the same attributes as traditional preservatives/additives to bread.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Heat Stress
Heat stress (HS) is a prevalent negative factor affecting plant growth and development, as it is predominant worldwide and threatens agriculture on a large scale. PHYTOCHROMES (PHYs) are photoreceptors that control plant growth and development, and the stress signaling response partially interferes with their activity. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Apr 2022
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