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Topic Review
Ethylene and ACC in Plants
The molecule 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) is the immediate precursor of the plant hormone ethylene in most seed plant species. Both 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate and ethylene can affect plant growth and development in a variety of ways.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Aug 2023
Topic Review
List of Plants Used in Cherokee Ethnobotany
This is a list of plants documented to have been traditionally used by the Cherokee, and how they are used.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Genetic Improvement in Sunflower Breeding
The main sunflower breeding goals are aimed towards high seed and oil yield, genetic resistance and high level of tolerance to the economically most important diseases, insects and parasitic weed (broomrape), as well as tolerance to abiotic stresses (in the first place to drought). As one of the most important oilseed crops worldwide, in order to meet growing global demands for sunflower products, intensified efforts for implementation of all available advanced breeding tools are required to improve the quantity and the quality of sunflower output by focusing on factors that are limiting phenotype expression of genetic potential. Special attention should be paid to the complexity in inheritance of the afore-mentioned traits, especially for resistance and tolerance to different pests and drought.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria
PGPB can be used effectively under conditions of nutrient deficiency and are gradually replacing fertilizers. As phytostimulants, PGPB can increase plant growth and crop yield. Some of these bacteria can suppress phytopathogens by producing various metabolites, which is referred to biocontrol properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 22 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Elderberries
Elderberries have been known for thousands of years as having nutritional and healing properties. The phytotherapeutic principles found in elderberry fruits give them antiviral, antibacterial and antidiabetic properties, antitumor potential, antioxidant, antidepressant and immune boosting properties, as well as a certain impacts on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Versatile Nutraceutical Potentials of Watermelon
Watermelon (Citrulus lantus) is an important horticultural crop which belongs to the Curcubitaceae family. The nutraceutical potential of watermelon has been illustrated by several researchers, which makes it a better choice of functional food. Watermelon has been used to treat various ailments, such as cardio-vascular diseases, aging related ailments, obesity, diabetes, ulcers, and various types of cancers. The medicinal properties of watermelon are attributed by the presence of important phytochemicals with pharmaceutical values such as lycopene, citrulline, and other polyphenolic compounds. Watermelon acts as vital source of l-citrulline, a neutral-alpha amino acid which is the precursor of l-arginine, an essential amino acid necessary for protein synthesis. Supplementation of l-citrulline and lycopene displayed numerous health benefits in in vitro and in vivo studies. Similarly, the dietary intake of watermelon has proven benefits as functional food in humans for weight management. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Plant-Associated Bacteria
Plant-associated bacteria may serve three different roles with respect to a host plant: mutualistic, commensal, or parasitic. Using beneficial bacteria to improve plant productivity is an area of research that has received much attention.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Mechanisms of Cold Signaling in Wheat
Cold stress is a major environmental factor affecting the growth, development, and productivity of various crop species. With the current trajectory of global climate change, low temperatures are becoming more frequent and can significantly decrease crop yield. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first domesticated crop and is the most popular cereal crop in the world. Because of a lack of systematic research on cold signaling pathways and gene regulatory networks, the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold signal transduction in wheat are poorly understood.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2022
Topic Review
Superabsorbent Polymers
Natural strategies for protecting the environment as well as plant, animal and human health is considered one of the main goals of developed countries. Recently, the use of absorbent polymers and hydrogel in agriculture has demonstrated several benefits for soil amendments, saving water content, reducing the consumption of soil nutrients, minimizing the negative impacts of dehydration and moisture stress in crops and controlling several phytopathogens.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Allelopathy in Grasslands and Forests
Plants can produce and release allelochemicals to interfere with the establishment and growth of conspecific and interspecific plants. Such allelopathy is an important mediator among plant species in natural and managed ecosystems.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Metal Tolerance Protein
Metal tolerance proteins (MTPs) are plant divalent cation transporters that play important roles in plant metal tolerance and homeostasis. Poplar is an ideal candidate for the phytoremediation of heavy metals because of its numerous beneficial attributes. Here, 22 MTP genes in P. trichocarpa were identified and classified into three major clusters and seven groups according to phylogenetic relationships. An evolutionary analysis suggested that PtrMTP genes had undergone gene expansion through tandem or segmental duplication events. Moreover, all PtrMTPs were predicted to localize in the vacuole and/or cell membrane, and contained typical structural features of the MTP family, cation efflux domain. The temporal and spatial expression pattern analysis results indicated the involvement of PtrMTP genes in poplar developmental control. Under heavy metal stress, most of PtrMTP genes were induced by at least two metal ions in roots, stems or leaves. In addition, PtrMTP8.1, PtrMTP9 and PtrMTP10.4 displayed the ability of Mn transport in yeast cells, and PtrMTP6 could transport Co, Fe and Mn. These findings will provide an important foundation to elucidate the biological functions of PtrMTP genes, and especially their role in regulating heavy metal tolerance in poplar.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Unfolded Protein Response Signaling
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an important subcellular organelle, primarily recognized as a checkpoint for protein folding. It plays an essential role in ensuring the proper folding and maturation of newly secreted and transmembrane proteins. Different processes are activated when around one-third of newly synthesized proteins enter the ER in the eukaryote cells, such as glycosylation, folding, and/or the assembling of these proteins into protein complexes. However, protein folding in the ER is an error-prone process whereby various stresses easily interfere, leading to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins and causing ER stress. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a process that involves sensing ER stress. Many strategies have been developed to reduce ER stress, such as UPR, ER-associated degradation (ERAD), and autophagy.  TRANSLATE with x English Arabic Hebrew Polish Bulgarian Hindi Portuguese Catalan Hmong Daw Romanian Chinese Simplified Hungarian Russian Chinese Traditional Indonesian Slovak Czech Italian Slovenian Danish Japanese Spanish Dutch Klingon Swedish English Korean Thai Estonian Latvian Turkish Finnish Lithuanian Ukrainian French Malay Urdu German Maltese Vietnamese Greek Norwegian Welsh Haitian Creole Persian   TRANSLATE with COPY THE URL BELOW Back EMBED THE SNIPPET BELOW IN YOUR SITE Enable collaborative features and customize widget: Bing Webmaster Portal Back
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
The bHLH Transcription Factor Family in Plants
Plant basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors are involved in many physiological processes, and they play important roles in the abiotic stress responses. bHLH transcription factors are among the superfamilies that are commonly found in plants and animals. The conserved bHLH domain contains approximately 60 amino acids (aa), including a basic DNA binding region and two amphipathic α-helices that are separated by a loop region with a variable length. The basic region consists of the first 15 amino acids. Most bHLH proteins have a glutamic acid residue at position 9 (E9), which can interact with the CA nucleotides in the DNA sequence.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Autophagy in Plant Cell Death
Autophagy is considered as a two-faced process: it can ensure cell survival as well as promote cell death. Autophagic cell death (ACD) is the second form of animal PCD. It is associated with increased numbers of autophagosomes, autolysosomes, and small lytic vacuoles. Autophagic death is a controversial idea that has been discussed and debated many times. Although our knowledge of this subject in plants is limited, a few examples of cell death with autophagy have been described.
  • 1.3K
  • 31 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Cellular Protein Trafficking in Low-Temperature Response Pathway
Over the years, although substantial progress has been made in understanding low-temperature response mechanisms in plants, the research is more focused on aerial parts of the plants rather than on the root or whole plant, and more efforts have been made in identifying and testing the major regulators of this pathway preferably in the model organism rather than in crop plants. For the low-temperature stress response mechanism, ICE-CBF regulatory pathway turned out to be the solely established pathway, and historically most of the low-temperature research is focused on this single pathway instead of exploring other alternative regulators.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Plant Ribonuclease J
RNA quality control is an indispensable but poorly understood process that enables organisms to distinguish functional RNAs from nonfunctional or inhibitory ones. In chloroplasts, whose gene expression activities are required for photosynthesis, retrograde signaling and plant development, RNA quality control is of paramount importance as transcription is relatively unregulated. The functional RNA population is distilled from this initial transcriptome by a combination of RNA-binding proteins and ribonucleases. One of the key enzymes is RNase J, a 5’ - 3’ exoribonuclease, and endoribonuclease, that has been shown to trim 5’ and 3’ RNA termini, and eliminate deleterious antisense RNA. In the absence of RNase J, embryo development cannot be completed. Land plant RNase J contains a highly conserved C-terminal domain that is found in GT-1 DNA-binding transcription factors and is not present in its bacterial, archaeal and algal counterparts. The GT-1 domain may confer specificity through DNA and/or RNA binding and/or protein-protein interactions, and thus be an element in the mechanisms that identify target transcripts among diverse RNA populations. Further understanding of chloroplast RNA quality control relies on discovering how RNase J is regulated, and how its specificity is imparted.
  • 1.3K
  • 28 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Aquilaria sinensis Xylem
Authors analyzed the mechanism and the process of fungal-induced agarwood formation in Aquilaria sinensis and studied the functional changes in the xylem structure after the process. The microscopic structure of the white zone, transition zone, agarwood zone, and decay zone xylem was studied. The distribution of nuclei, starch grains, soluble sugars, sesquiterpenes, fungal propagules, and mycelium in xylem tissues was investigated by histochemical analysis. The results show that the process of agarwood formation was accompanied by apoptosis of parenchyma cells such as interxylary phloem, xylem rays, and axial parenchyma. Regular changes in the conversion of starch grains to soluble sugars, the production of sesquiterpenoids, and other characteristic components of agarwood in various types of parenchyma cells were also observed. The material transformation was concentrated in the interxylary phloem, providing a structural and material basis for the formation of agarwood. It is the core part of the production of sesquiterpenoids and other characteristic products of agarwood. 
  • 1.3K
  • 18 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Regulation of MYBs in Lignification
The regulation of transcription factors on plants is not single but is regulated by levels of transcription factors at different levels, forming a huge regulatory network and playing a regulatory role. So, what is the regulation between MYB transcription factor and plant secondary wall synthesis? Next, we will try to explain it in detail. In this part, we discuss first the regulation of SCW biosynthesis by MYB46/83 as the second main switch. Next, we consider how other MYB TFs regulate cell-wall biosynthesis in plants.
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Tension wood of Catalpa bungei
Catalpa bungei is an economically important tree with high-quality wood and highly valuable to the study of wood formation. Tension wood (TW) is a special kind of wood and can represent an excellent model for studying the formation of xylem cell walls. There was no obvious gelatinous layer (G-layer) in the TW of C. bungei and that the secondary wall deposition in the TW was reduced compared with that in the opposite wood (OW) and normal wood (NW). The cellulose and pectin content and pectin methylation in the TW were lower than those in the OW and NW according to Raman spectroscopy, and many genes and proteins involved in the metabolic pathways of cellulose and pectin, such as galacturonosyltransferase (GAUT), polygalacturonase (PG), endoglucanase (CLE) and β-glucosidase (BGLU) genes, were significantly upregulated in TW. In addition, the MYB2 transcription factor may regulate the pectin degradation genes PG1 and PG3, and ARF, ERF, SBP and MYB1 may be the key transcription factors regulating the synthesis and decomposition of cellulose.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Volatile Organic Compounds Evolution
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted by plants as a consequence of biotic and abiotic interaction which often change rapidly over time. Epigenetic factors, such as DNA methylation and histone modification, might trigger adaptive responses to these evolutionary pressures regulating both genes and transcription factors, as well as the rhythmic emission of VOCs through circadian clock regulation. In addition, transgenerational epigenetic effects and polyploidy could modify the generation of VOCs’ profiles of offspring, contributing to long-term evolutionary shifts.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Jan 2021
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