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Topic Review
Ionic Liquids for Biodegradable Polymeric Materials
Measures to endorse the adoption of eco-friendly biodegradable plastics as a response to the scale of plastic pollution have created a demand for innovative products from materials from Nature. Ionic liquids (ILs) have the ability to disrupt the hydrogen bonding network of biopolymers, increase the mobility of biopolymer chains, reduce friction, and produce materials with various morphologies and mechanical properties. Due to these qualities, ILs are considered ideal for plasticizing biopolymers, enabling them to meet a wide range of specifications for biopolymeric materials.
  • 931
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Polyethyleneimine-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Theranostics
With the development of nanotechnology, various types of polymer-based drug delivery systems have been designed for biomedical applications. Polymer-based drug delivery systems with desirable biocompatibility can be efficiently delivered to tumor sites with passive or targeted effects and combined with other therapeutic and imaging agents for cancer theranostics. As an effective vehicle for drug and gene delivery, polyethyleneimine (PEI) has been extensively studied due to its rich surface amines and excellent water solubility.
  • 930
  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Antibacterial Electroconductive Composite Coating of Cotton Fabric
Graphene oxide (GO) was deposited on a cotton fabric and then thermally reduced to reduced graphene oxide (rGO) with the assistance of L-ascorbic acid. The GO reduction imparted electrical conductivity to the fabric and allowed for electrochemical deposition of Ag° particles using cyclic voltammetry. Only the Ag°/rGO composite coating imparted antibacterial properties to the fabric against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Ag°/rGO-modified fibers were free of bacterial film, and bacterial growth inhibition zones around the material specimens were found. Moreover, Ag°/rGO-modified fabric became superhydrophobic with WCA of 161°.  The obtained results on composite Ag°/rGO coating of the fabric seem to be promising for obtaining novel antibacterial materials.
  • 925
  • 10 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Biomaterials, Alveolar Bone Regeneration
The alveolar process is the thick bone ridge that contains the tooth sockets. The alveolar bone is located on the teeth-holding jaw bones.
  • 922
  • 17 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Glycol Chitosan for Cell Imaging and Drug Delivery
Glycol chitosan (GC), a water-soluble chitosan derivative with hydrophilic ethylene glycol branches, has both hydrophobic segments for the encapsulation of various drugs and reactive functional groups for facile chemical modifications.
  • 921
  • 15 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Core–Shell Structures with Fe3O4 Core for Biomedical Applications
Core–shell nanoparticles are functional materials with tailored properties, able to improve the requirements of various applications. Both core and shell components can be inorganic or organic, and there are numerous studies in this field regarding their synthesis methods, properties, and applications. 
  • 920
  • 28 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Synthesis Techniques of Mixed-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots
In nanotechnology, the synthesis of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) by mixed doping with metals and non-metals has emerged as an appealing path of investigation. 
  • 918
  • 25 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Third Dimension in Cancer
From the development of self-aggregating, scaffold-free multicellular spheroids to the inclusion of scaffold systems, 3D models have progressively increased in complexity to better mimic native tissues. The inclusion of a third dimension in cancer models allows researchers to zoom out from a significant but limited cancer cell research approach to a wider investigation of the tumor microenvironment. This model can include multiple cell types and many elements from the extracellular matrix (ECM), which provides mechanical support for the tissue, mediates cell-microenvironment interactions, and plays a key role in cancer cell invasion. Both biochemical and biophysical signals from the extracellular space strongly influence cell fate, the epigenetic landscape, and gene expression. Specifically, a detailed mechanistic understanding of tumor cell-ECM interactions, especially during cancer invasion, is lacking.
  • 917
  • 22 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Biomass Precursor
Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) serve as the most promising next-generation commercial batteries besides lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Hard carbon (HC) from renewable biomass resources is the most commonly used anode material in SIBs. The biomass precursors have a highly oxygenated, crosslinked, and disordered structure, resulting in an irregular HC structure that cannot be graphitized and makes it difficult to build a standard model. A variety of biomass have been demonstrated to have the potential to become precursor materials for high-performance HC anodes. Compared to other HC precursors such as sugars and polymers, biomass precursors, with their wide range of sources, low cost, and environmental friendliness, are undoubtedly the most promising green HC precursor materials. Owing to the diversity of biomass, the selection of suitable and reliable biomass raw materials depending on geographical conditions is crucial to the manufacturing of HC. In some studies, biomass-derived HCs show promising electrochemical performance, but a safe supply of biomass is hard to achieve.
  • 916
  • 31 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Milled Dental Surface Integrity
Surface integrity is a multiphysics (biological, mechanical, optical, chemical, esthetic, etc.) and multiscale (from nm to mm) concept. It is defined as the residual signature left on the surface by the manufacturing or post-treatment process and permits correlating the process with the expected surface functionalities. Thanks to the advances made in mechanical engineering, the concept of surface integrity has been transposed to dentistry and oral science. The surface integrity concept transposed to fixed dental prostheses is presented in this article. The main components of surface integrity and their correlations within the triptych of surface integrity–process–clinical functionalities are presented.
  • 915
  • 31 May 2021
Topic Review
Nanocarriers for Active Food Packaging
Active packaging improves a packaging system’s effectiveness by actively integrating additional components into the packaging material or the headspace around the packaging. Consumer demand and awareness have grown enough to replace chemical agents with natural active agents. Essential oils (EOs) are extensively distributed throughout nature but at low levels and sometimes with poor recovery yields, which poses an issue with their application in food.
  • 913
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
RGD Peptide-Based Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering (TE) is a rapidly expanding field aimed at restoring or replacing damaged tissues. The arginine–glycine–aspartic acid (RGD) family of peptides is known to be the most prominent ligand for extracellular integrin receptors. Due to their specific expression patterns in various human tissues and their tight association with various pathophysiological conditions, RGD peptides are suitable targets for tissue regeneration and treatment as well as organ replacement.
  • 912
  • 14 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Nanomaterials and its Applications
The small intestine provides the major site for the absorption of numerous orally administered drugs. However, before reaching to the systemic circulation to exert beneficial pharmacological activities, the oral drug delivery is hindered by poor absorption/metabolic instability of the drugs in gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the presence of the mucus layer overlying intestinal epithelium. Therefore, a polymeric drug delivery system has emerged as a robust approach to enhance oral drug bioavailability and intestinal drug absorption. Chitosan, a cationic polymer derived from chitin, and its derivatives have received remarkable attention to serve as a promising drug carrier, chiefly owing to their versatile, biocompatible, biodegradable, and non-toxic properties. Several types of chitosan-based drug delivery systems have been developed, including chemical modification, conjugates, capsules, and hybrids. They have been shown to be effective in improving intestinal assimilation of several types of drugs, e.g., antidiabetic, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory drugs. In this review, the physiological challenges affecting intestinal drug absorption and the effects of chitosan on those parameters impacting on oral bioavailability are summarized. More appreciably, types of chitosan-based nanomaterials enhancing intestinal drug absorption and their mechanisms, as well as potential applications in diabetes, cancers, infections, and inflammation, are highlighted. The future perspective of chitosan applications is also discussed. 
  • 906
  • 13 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanofibrous Scaffolds for Diabetic Wound Healing
Nanofibrous scaffolds are artificial extracellular matrices that mimic the natural environment for tissue formation. This type of scaffold is more advantageous than other available variants because of its large surface-to-volume ratio, which leads to the efficient promotion of cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. 
  • 901
  • 30 Mar 2023
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Optimizing Graphene Oxide Content in Cellulose Matrices: A Comprehensive Review on Enhancing the Structural and Functional Performance of Composites
The incorporation of graphene into cellulose matrices has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing the structural and functional properties of composite materials. This comprehensive review provides a critical analysis of recent advances in optimizing graphene content in cellulose matrices and its impact on composite performance. Various optimization techniques, including response surface methodology, particle swarm optimization, and artificial neural networks, have been employed to identify optimal graphene concentrations and processing conditions. Quantitative analyses demonstrate significant improvements in mechanical properties, with notable increases in tensile strength and Young’s modulus reported for graphene/microfibrillated cellulose composites. Substantial enhancements in thermal stability have been observed in lysozyme-modified graphene nanoplatelet–cellulose composites. Electrical conductivity has been achieved at low graphene loading levels. Additionally, barrier properties, biocompatibility, and functionality for applications such as energy storage and environmental remediation have been substantially improved. This review explores case studies encompassing the optimization of thermal conductivity, viscosity, durability behaviors, pollutant removal, and various other properties. Despite promising results, challenges remain, including uniform dispersion, scalability, cost-effectiveness, and long-term stability. Strategies such as surface functionalization, solvent selection, and protective coatings are discussed. Future research directions, including novel processing techniques like 3D printing and electrospinning, as well as the incorporation of additional functional materials, are outlined. This review synthesizes current knowledge, identifies emerging trends, and provides a roadmap for future research in the rapidly evolving field of graphene–cellulose composites.
  • 901
  • 02 Dec 2024
Topic Review
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Based Regenerative Medicine
In recent decades, the biomedical applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have attracted increasing attention. MSCs are easily extracted from the bone marrow, fat, and synovium, and differentiate into various cell lineages according to the requirements of specific biomedical applications. As MSCs do not express significant histocompatibility complexes and immune stimulating molecules, they are not detected by immune surveillance and do not lead to graft rejection after transplantation. These properties make them competent biomedical candidates, especially in tissue engineering.
  • 899
  • 29 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Porous Silicon Optical Devices
The cost-effective fabrication process, the high internal surface area, the tunable pore size, and the photonic properties made the PSi an appealing transducing substrate for biosensing purposes, with applications in different research fields. Different optical PSi biosensors are reviewed and classified into four classes, based on the different biorecognition elements immobilized on the surface of the transducing material. 
  • 897
  • 24 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Lignocellulosic-Based Sorbents: A Review
Biosorbents are usually used in raw or processed forms such as activated carbon (AC), biobar (BC), and charcoal (CC) for removal of pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organics, inorganics, mycotoxins, etc. from aqueous systems. Besides classical sorption of the pollutants, biosorbents have prospect of applications as electrodes in the microbial fuel cells, green packaging materials, energy storage devices, catalysts, soil remediation agent, carbon sequestration, etc. Hence, further concerted investigations should be exercised to develop feasibly best conditions for the preparations and modifications of biosorbents.
  • 897
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Energy Storage Ceramics
Energy storage ceramics are an important material of dielectric capacitors and are among the most discussed topics in the field of energy research. Mainstream energy storage devices include batteries, dielectric capacitors, electrochemical capacitors, and fuel cells. Due to the low dielectric loss and excellent temperature, the status of ceramics is constantly highlighted.
  • 897
  • 12 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Optical Imaging and Phototherapy
Theranostics is a key hallmark of cancer nanomedicine since it allows diagnosis and therapy of both primary and metastatic cancer using a single nanoprobe. 
  • 897
  • 25 Aug 2021
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