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Topic Review
Bariatric Surgery in Adolescents
Pediatric obesity is a multifaceted disease that can impact physical and mental health. It is a complex condition that interweaves biological, developmental, environmental, behavioral, and genetic factors. In most cases lifestyle and behavioral modification as well as medical treatment led to poor short-term weight reduction and long-term failure. Thus, bariatric surgery should be considered in adolescents with moderate to severe obesity who have previously participated in lifestyle interventions with unsuccessful outcomes.
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Oral Mucosal Pain
The oral cavity is a portal into the digestive system, which exhibits unique sensory properties. Like facial skin, the oral mucosa needs to be exquisitely sensitive and selective, in order to detect harmful toxins versus edible food. Chemosensation and somatosensation by multiple receptors, including transient receptor potential channels, are well-developed to meet these needs. In contrast to facial skin, however, the oral mucosa rarely exhibits itch responses. Like the gut, the oral cavity performs mechanical and chemical digestion. Therefore, the oral mucosa needs to be insensitive, to some degree, in order to endure noxious irritation. Persistent pain from the oral mucosa is often due to ulcers, involving both tissue injury and infection. Trigeminal nerve injury and trigeminal neuralgia produce intractable pain in the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa, through mechanisms distinct from those seen in the spinal area, which is particularly difficult to predict or treat. The diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic chronic pain, such as atypical odontalgia (idiopathic painful trigeminal neuropathy or post-traumatic trigeminal neuropathy) and burning mouth syndrome, remain especially challenging. The central integration of gustatory inputs might modulate chronic oral and facial pain. A lack of pain in chronic inflammation inside the oral cavity, such as chronic periodontitis, involves the specialized functioning of oral bacteria. A more detailed understanding of the unique neurobiology of pain from the orofacial skin and the oral mucosa should help us develop novel methods for better treating persistent orofacial pain.
  • 3.5K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Failure Modes of the Electric Motors
The reliability assessment of electric machines plays a very critical role in today’s engineering world. The reliability assessment requires a good understanding of electric motors and their root causes. Electric machines mostly fail due to mechanical problems and bearing damage is the main source of this. The bearings can be damaged by mechanical, electrical, and thermal stresses. Among all stresses, the researcher should give special attention to the electrical one, which is bearing current and shaft voltage.
  • 3.5K
  • 21 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sulfur Compounds in the Whisky Production Process
Whisky is produced through malting, mashing, fermentation, distillation, and maturation. During these processes, several sulfur compounds are formed and/or reduced in quantity. To date, alkyl sulfides, thiols, methylthio group compounds, thiophenes, thiazoles, dithiapentane derivatives, and furfuryl compounds have been detected in the final spirit. Distillers might be able to control quality better if the pathways and contributions of these chemicals were known; currently, however, only some of them have been identified, while others remain to be revealed.
  • 3.5K
  • 11 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Small Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels
The Ca2+-activated K+ (KCa) channels can be grouped into three categories: large (BK, KCa 1.1), intermediate (SK4/IK/KCa3.1), and small (SK1, SK2, SK3/KCa2.1, KCa2.2, KCa2.3) conductance ion channels. They possess a unique feature to connect intracellular Ca2+ signals to cell excitability. KCa channels are widely expressed in the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS), where they are involved in the control of excitability, synaptic signal transduction, and firing pattern. 
  • 3.5K
  • 14 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Magnitude
In astronomy, magnitude is a unitless measure of the brightness of an object in a defined passband, often in the visible or infrared spectrum, but sometimes across all wavelengths. An imprecise but systematic determination of the magnitude of objects was introduced in ancient times by Hipparchus. The scale is logarithmic and defined such that a magnitude 1 star is exactly 100 times brighter than a magnitude 6 star. Thus each step of one magnitude is [math]\displaystyle{ \sqrt{100} \approx 2.512 }[/math] times brighter than the next faintest. The brighter an object appears, the lower the value of its magnitude, with the brightest objects reaching negative values. Astronomers use two different definitions of magnitude: apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude. The apparent magnitude (m) is the brightness of an object as it appears in the night sky from Earth. Apparent magnitude depends on an object's intrinsic luminosity, its distance, and the extinction reducing its brightness. The absolute magnitude (M) describes the intrinsic luminosity emitted by an object and is defined to be equal to the apparent magnitude that the object would have if it were placed at a certain distance from Earth, 10 parsecs for stars. A more complex definition of absolute magnitude is used for planets and small Solar System bodies, based on its brightness at one astronomical unit from the observer and the Sun. The Sun has an apparent magnitude of −27 and Sirius, the brightest visible star in the night sky, −1.46. Venus at its brightest is -5. The International Space Station (ISS) sometimes reaches a magnitude of −6.
  • 3.5K
  • 28 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Downstream Processing of Virus Filter
Virus filtration is a single-use, size-based separation process in which the contaminating virus particles are retained while the therapeutic molecules pass through the membrane pores. Virus filtration is routinely used as part of the overall virus clearance strategy. Compromised performance of virus filters due to membrane fouling, low throughput and reduced viral clearance, is of considerable industrial significance and is frequently a major challenge.
  • 3.5K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Electrochemical Immunosensor
Electrochemical immunosensors (EI) are systems that combine the analytical power of electrochemical techniques and the high selectivity and specificity of antibodies in a solid phase immunoassay for a target analyte.
  • 3.5K
  • 02 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Swyer Syndrome
Swyer syndrome is a condition that affects sexual development. Sexual development is usually determined by an individual's chromosomes; however, in Swyer syndrome, sexual development does not match the affected individual's chromosomal makeup.  
  • 3.5K
  • 23 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Interactivity
Across the many fields concerned with interactivity, including information science, computer science, human-computer interaction, communication, and industrial design, there is little agreement over the meaning of the term "interactivity", but most definitions are related to interaction between users and computers and other machines through a user interface. Interactivity can however also refer to interaction between people. It nevertheless usually refers to interaction between people and computers – and sometimes to interaction between computers – through software, hardware, and networks. Multiple views on interactivity exist. In the "contingency view" of interactivity, there are three levels: One body of research has made a strong distinction between interaction and interactivity. As the suffix 'ity' is used to form nouns that denote a quality or condition, this body of research has defined interactivity as the 'quality or condition of interaction'. These researchers suggest that the distinction between interaction and interactivity is important since interaction may be present in any given setting, but the quality of the interaction varies from low and high.
  • 3.5K
  • 26 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Plant-Based Biosynthesis of Copper/Copper Nanoparticles
Plants produce numerous secondary metabolites and rich in phytochemicals, which are potential bioresources for synthesizing Cu and CuO Nanoparticles (NPs). This green synthesis approach is environmentally friendly and more advantageous over commercial synthesis using physical and chemical methods. The green synthesized Cu and CuO NPs can be used as anticancer, antibacterial, antifungal and anti-inflammatory agents in biomedical applications. We discuss about the green synthesis of Cu and CuO NPs using various plants, factors affecting the synthesis, biomedical applications, and toxicity evaluation of the NPs. In addition, the mechanisms of the NPs entry into biological entities were also discussed. 
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill Species
Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. (OFI) belongs to the Cactaceae family, which contains about 130 genera and nearly 1600 species. This plant is originally from South America, namely Mexico, and can be found in the Middle East, South Africa, India, Australia, and some Mediterranean countries.
  • 3.5K
  • 26 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Strychnine Poisoning
Strychnine poisoning can be fatal to humans and other animals and can occur by inhalation, swallowing or absorption through eyes or mouth. It produces some of the most dramatic and painful symptoms of any known toxic reaction, making it quite noticeable and a common choice for assassinations and poison attacks. For this reason, strychnine poisoning is often portrayed in literature and film, such as the murder mysteries written by Agatha Christie. The probable lethal oral dose in humans is 1.5 to 2 mg/kg. Similarly, the median lethal dose for dogs, cats, and rats ranges from 0.5 to 2.35 mg/kg.
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Solanum aethiopicum
Solanum aethiopicum is a very important vegetable for both rural and urban communities in Africa. The crop is rich in both macro-and micronutrients compared with other vegetables and is suitable for ensuring food and nutritional security.
  • 3.5K
  • 18 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Rheumatoid Arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting the joints. It is characterized by a progressive symmetric inflammation of affected joints resulting in cartilage destruction, bone erosion, and disability. In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) chronic autoimmune responses result in destruction of joints in affected patients. 
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Asymptomatic Patients and Immune Subjects
An asymptomatic patient is someone who contracts a disease but shows no symptoms. An immune subject is a person who is free from virus infection. Both of these categories of people experience the limitations of government imposed by a pandemic situation, with one important difference. Probably only the first subjects contribute, in spite of themselves, to the spread of the disease and to the contagion of the people most susceptible to the virus. This implies that their detection is essential to limit infections. Therefore, knowing the characteristics of these people and those immune to the virus can be extremely useful in mitigating the effects of the disease and/or defeating it.
  • 3.5K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Wireless Sensor Networks Architecture
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have taken a giant leap in scale, expanding their applicability to a large variety of technological domains and applications, ranging from the Internet of things (IoT) for smart cities and smart homes to wearable technology healthcare applications, underwater, agricultural and environmental monitoring and many more. This expansion is rapidly growing every passing day in terms of the variety, heterogeneity and the number of devices which such applications support. Data collection is commonly the core application in WSN and IoT networks, which are typically composed of a large variety of devices, some constrained by their resources (e.g., processing, storage, energy) and some by highly diverse demands. Many challenges span all the conceptual communication layers, from the Physical to the Applicational. In addition, the integrated unit architecture and the platform design can be subject to various stringent constraints. For example, size requirements can impose a strict constraint on the device design; low power consumption, low production cost, and self-operation can represent additional constraints.  Accordingly, the device architecture is fundamental and affects many other factors in the system. For example, power supply affects the life span; it also affects transmission range, memory, and processing unit, which in turn can affect the algorithms that can be executed on the device, etc.
  • 3.5K
  • 12 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Microalgae Cultivation Technologies
 Microalgal biomass is currently considered as a sustainable and renewable feedstock for biofuel production (biohydrogen, biomethane, biodiesel) characterized by lower emissions of hazardous air pollutants than fossil fuels. Photobioreactors for microalgae growth can be exploited using many industrial and domestic wastes. It allows locating the commercial microalgal systems in areas that cannot be employed for agricultural purposes, i.e., near heating or wastewater treatment plants and other industrial facilities producing carbon dioxide and organic and nutrient compounds. 
  • 3.5K
  • 14 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Astronomy
Astronomy (from grc ἀστρονομία (Script error: No such module "Ancient Greek".) 'science that studies the laws of the stars') is a natural science that studies celestial objects and phenomena. It uses mathematics, physics, and chemistry in order to explain their origin and evolution. Objects of interest include planets, moons, stars, nebulae, galaxies, and comets. Relevant phenomena include supernova explosions, gamma ray bursts, quasars, blazars, pulsars, and cosmic microwave background radiation. More generally, astronomy studies everything that originates beyond Earth's atmosphere. Cosmology is a branch of astronomy that studies the universe as a whole. Astronomy is one of the oldest natural sciences. The early civilizations in recorded history made methodical observations of the night sky. These include the Babylonians, Greeks, Indians, Egyptians, Chinese, Maya, and many ancient indigenous peoples of the Americas. In the past, astronomy included disciplines as diverse as astrometry, celestial navigation, observational astronomy, and the making of calendars. Nowadays, professional astronomy is often said to be the same as astrophysics. Professional astronomy is split into observational and theoretical branches. Observational astronomy is focused on acquiring data from observations of astronomical objects. This data is then analyzed using basic principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy is oriented toward the development of computer or analytical models to describe astronomical objects and phenomena. These two fields complement each other. Theoretical astronomy seeks to explain observational results and observations are used to confirm theoretical results. Astronomy is one of the few sciences in which amateurs play an active role. This is especially true for the discovery and observation of transient events. Amateur astronomers have helped with many important discoveries, such as finding new comets.
  • 3.5K
  • 05 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Myostatin Gene Polymorphisms with Strength Phenotype of Athletes
Polymorphism (rs1805086), c.458A>G, p.Lys(K)153Arg(R), (K153R) of the myostatin gene (MSTN) has been associated with a skeletal muscle phenotype (hypertrophic response in muscles due to strength training). The K153R polymorphism is significant in the development of muscle mass and strength. The rare R variant increases the inhibition of MSTN synthesis, thereby leading to an increase in skeletal muscle mass and muscle strength. The R variant is favorable for sports in which muscle strength and mass are important, such as bodybuilding, powerlifting, weightlifting, arm wrestling, kettlebell lifting, shot put, and bobsleigh. It can be assumed that the strong effect of this allele on the ability to become a successful athlete in weightlifting and speed-power sports is based on the inhibition of MSTN synthesis. 
  • 3.5K
  • 01 Feb 2023
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