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Topic Review
Human-Animal SARS-CoV-2 Potential Transmission Pathways
  Emerging infectious diseases present great risks to public health. The novel severe acute respira-tory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has become an urgent public health issue of global concern. It is speculated that the virus first emerged through a zoonotic spillover. Basic research studies have suggested that bats are likely the ancestral reservoir host. Nonetheless, the evolutionary history and host susceptibility of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear as a multitude of animals has been proposed as potential intermedi-ate or dead-end hosts. SARS-CoV-2 has been isolated from domestic animals, both companion and livestock, as well as in captive wildlife that were in close contact with human COVID-19 cases. Currently, domestic mink is the only known animal that is susceptible to a natural infection, develop severe illness, and can also transmit SARS-CoV-2 to other minks and humans.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Genetic Protection of Soft Wheat
The southern Ural is consistently among the 10 best regions in Russia for agricultural production, including wheat. Breeding in the Chelyabinsk Research Institute of Agriculture aims to develop wheat cultivars genetically protected from the main diseases (leaf and stem rust, septoria leaf blotch and tan spot). The genes for resistance to leaf rust, Lr1, Lr9, Lr10 and Lr26/Sr31, alone or in combination, are widespread in cultivars grown in the southern Ural.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Remnant Gastric Cancer
Authors investigated the clinicopathological features of remnant gastric cancer based on initial disease of partial gastrectomy. Pyloric metaplasia was a characteristic feature in the anastomosis area accompanied by foveolar epithelial hyperplasia, which is a characteristic of reflux gastritis. Remnant gastric cancers that occurred following benign disease were strongly associated with pyloric metaplasia of the anastomosis site, whereas malignant remnant gastric cancers were characterized by both pyloric metaplasia and intestinal metaplasia. EBV-type gastric cancer was highly represented in the benign group (31.8%), while it was present in only 3% of the malignant cases. In the benign group, remnant gastric cancer occurred after 10 years or more, and was almost located within 3 cm from the anastomosis site. These findings may be helpful to the endoscopic surveillance for remnant stomach.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Muscle-Invasive Urothelial Carcinoma in Dogs
Muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma (MIUC) is the most common type of bladder malignancy in humans, but also in dogs that represent a naturally occurring model for this disease. Dogs are immunocompetent animals that share risk factors, pathophysiological features, clinical signs and response to chemotherapeutics with human cancer patients. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chitin and Chitinase Induction in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Increased levels of Chitinases, in particular Chitotriosidase (CHIT-1) and chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1), have been found increased in several neurodegenerative disorders. Although having important biological roles in inflammation, to date, the molecular mechanisms of Chitinase involvement in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders is not well-elucidated.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Apr 2023
Topic Review
Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes
Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of hereditary connective tissue disorders involving joint hyperlaxity, cutaneous hyperelasticity, and tissue fragility.
  • 1.1K
  • 23 Sep 2020
Topic Review
Knee Osteoarthritis
Being the most common musculoskeletal progressive condition, osteoarthritis is an interesting target for research. It is estimated that the prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) among adults 60 years of age or older is approximately 10% in men and 13% in women, making knee OA one of the leading causes of disability in elderly population. Today, we know that osteoarthritis is not a disease characterized by loss of cartilage due to mechanical loading only, but a condition that affects all of the tissues in the joint, causing detectable changes in tissue architecture, its metabolism and function. All of these changes are mediated by a complex and not yet fully researched interplay of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and adipokines, all of which can be measured in the serum, synovium and histological samples, potentially serving as biomarkers of disease stage and progression. Another key aspect of disease progression is the epigenome that regulates all the genetic expression through DNA methylation, histone modifications, and mRNA interference. A lot of work has been put into developing non-surgical treatment options to slow down the natural course of osteoarthritis to postpone, or maybe even replace extensive surgeries such as total knee arthroplasty. At the moment, biological treatments such as platelet-rich plasma, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and autologous microfragmented adipose tissue containing stromal vascular fraction are ordinarily used. Furthermore, the latter two mentioned cell-based treatment options seem to be the only methods so far that increase the quality of cartilage in osteoarthritis patients. Yet, in the future, gene therapy could potentially become an option for orthopedic patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 26 Oct 2020
Topic Review
FRAb in Autism Spectrum Disorders
Folate deficiency and folate receptor autoimmune disorder are major contributors to infertility, pregnancy related complications and abnormal fetal development including structural and functional abnormalities of the brain. Food fortification and prenatal folic acid supplementation has reduced the incidence of neural tube defect (NTD) pregnancies but is unlikely to prevent pregnancy-related complications in the presence of folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAb). In pregnancy, these autoantibodies can block folate transport to the fetus and in young children, folate transport to the brain. These antibodies are prevalent in neural tube defect pregnancies and in developmental disorders such as cerebral folate deficiency (CFD) syndrome and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In the latter conditions, folinic acid treatment has shown clinical improvement in some of the core ASD deficits. Early testing for folate receptor autoantibodies and intervention is likely to result in a positive outcome
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lifelong disorder affecting 1 in 3500 live births worldwide. It is a monogenetic autosomal recessive disease caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding the chloride channel cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), the impairment of which leads to ionic disequilibria in exocrine organs.
  • 1.1K
  • 12 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Biosensors for Autoimmune Chronic Disease
Although relatively rare, affecting 10% of the general population, autoimmune disorders are causative linked with chronic diseases and morbidity. Control of the course of the disease is closely dependent on the ability to monitor its onset, as well as its response to treatment.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Targeted COVID-19 Screening Indicators
The global pandemic of the coronavirus disease 2019 is a known consequence of infection of severe respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It has affected nations worldwide with the soaring number of cases daily. Symptoms such as fever, cough, and shortness of breath, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting are commonly presented in COVID-19 patients.
  • 1.1K
  • 02 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Salivary Proteomic Approaches and Methods
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most frequent cancers worldwide. Endoscopic methods may be useful in the evaluation of oral injuries even though the diagnostic gold standard is a biopsy. Targeted screenings could be considered the best way to prevent the occurrence of oral cancer. Aimed to elucidate the potential identification of specific biomarkers of OSCC, the use of saliva is convenient and noninvasive. Many studies reported more than a hundred putative saliva biomarkers for OSCC, and proteogenomic approaches were fundamental to disclosing this issue.
  • 1.1K
  • 18 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Acute Coronary Syndrome in Elders
Coronary artery disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality, and its prevalence increases with age. The growing number of older patients and their differential characteristics make its management a challenge in clinical practice.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common adult motor neuron disease. The disease pathogenesis is complex with the perturbation of multiple pathways proposed, including mitochondrial dysfunction, RNA processing, glutamate excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein homeostasis and endosomal transport/extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. EVs are nanoscopic membrane-bound particles that are released from cells, involved in the intercellular communication of proteins, lipids and genetic material, and there is increasing evidence of their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Peritoneal Impact of IL-17A
Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is a current replacement therapy option for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients until renal transplantation can be achieved. One important problem in long-term PD patients is peritoneal membrane failure. The mechanisms involved in peritoneal damage include activation of the inflammatory and immune responses, associated with submesothelial immune infiltrates, angiogenesis, loss of the mesothelial layer, and collagen accumulation in the submesothelial compact zone. These processes lead to fibrosis and loss of peritoneal membrane function. Among the inflammatory mediators involved in peritoneal damage, cytokine IL-17A has recently been proposed as a potential therapeutic target for chronic inflammatory diseases, including chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Experimental studies demonstrated that IL-17A blockade ameliorated peritoneal damage caused by exposure to PD fluids. This article provides a comprehensive review of recent advances in the role of IL-17A in peritoneal membrane injury during PD and other PD-associated complications.
  • 1.1K
  • 13 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Treatment of Chronic Hyperuricemia
Uric acid [UA] is the final product of purine catabolism, mostly produced in the intestine and liver, as the final product of purine catabolism.
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Jan 2021
Topic Review
Effects of Melatonin on Diabetic Neuropathy and Retinopathy
Diabetes mellitus (DM) leads to complications, including neuropathy. Redox imbalance and inflammation are important components of the pathophysiology of these complications. Many studies have investigated the therapeutic potential of melatonin (MEL), an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agent, for the specific treatment of the neural complications. In the present entry, we review studies published over the past 21 years on the therapeutic efficacy of MEL in the treatment of DM-induced neural complications. Reports suggest that there is a real prospect of using MEL as an adjuvant treatment for hypoglycemic agents.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Leukotriene Signaling Pathway in PD
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where misfolded alpha-synuclein-enriched aggregates called Lewy bodies are central in pathogenesis. Parkinson’s disease is considered a multifactorial disease and evidence from multiple patient studies and animal models has shown a significant immune component during the course of the disease, highlighting immunomodulation as a potential treatment strategy. The immune changes occur centrally, involving microglia and astrocytes but also peripherally with changes to the innate and adaptive immune system.
  • 1.1K
  • 08 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Sildenafil
Oxidative stress linked to vascular damage plays an important role in the pathogenesis of systemic sclerosis (SSc). Indeed, vascular damage at nailfold capillaroscopy in patients with Raynaud’s Phenomenon (RP) is a major risk factor for the development of SSc together with presence of specific autoantiobodies. Here we investigated the effects of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) sildenafil, currently used in the management of RP, in modulating the proinflammatory response of dermal fibroblasts to oxidative stress in vitro. Human fibroblasts isolated by SSc patients and healthy controls were exposed to exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) (100µM H2O2), in the presence or not of sildenafil (1µM). Treatment with sildenafil significantly reduced dermal fibroblasts gene expression and cellular release of IL-6, known to play a central role in the pathogenesis of tissue damage in SSc and IL-8, directly induced by ROS. This reduction was associated with suppression of STAT3, ERK, NF-κB and PKB/AKT dependent pathways. Our findings support the notion that the employment of PDE5i in the management of RP may be explored for its efficacy in modulating the oxidative stress induced proinflammatory activation of dermal fibroblasts in vivo and ultimately aid in the prevention of tissue damage in SSc.
  • 1.1K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Photobiomodulation of the Visual System
Humans express an expansive and detailed response to wavelength differences within the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum. This is most clearly manifest, and most studied, with respect to a relatively small range of electromagnetic radiation that includes the visible wavelengths with abutting ultraviolet and infrared, and mostly with respect to the visual system. Many aspects of our biology, however, respond to wavelength differences over a wide range of the EM spectrum. Further, humans are now exposed to a variety of modern lighting situations that has, effectively, increased our exposure to wavelengths that were once likely minimal (e.g., “blue” light from devices at night). This paper reviews some of those biological effects with a focus on visual function and to a lesser extent, other body systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Nov 2020
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