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Topic Review
Relationship between Vitamin D and Insulin Resistance
Vitamin D seems to be involved in infections, autoimmune diseases, cardiometabolic diseases, and cancer development. The relationship between vitamin D and insulin resistance has been a topic of growing interest. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels appear to be associated with most of the insulin resistance disorders described to date. In fact, vitamin D deficiency may be one of the factors accelerating the development of insulin resistance. Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem in the population and may be associated with the pathogenesis of diseases related to insulin resistance, such as obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome (MS) and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). An important question is the identification of 25(OH)D levels capable of generating an effect on insulin resistance, glucose metabolism and to decrease the risk of developing insulin resistance related disorders.
  • 556
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Mechanistic Basis for Autophagy in Diabetic Kidney Disease
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), or diabetic nephropathy (DN), is a common but severe complication in diabetic patients. The disorder mainly consists of persistent proteinuria with progressive worsening of renal function, and can ultimately cause irreversible kidney damage. Studies have provided new insights into the connection between autophagy, a physiological metabolic process known to maintain cellular homeostasis, and the pathophysiological pathways of DKD. Typically, autophagic activity plays a role in DKD progression mainly by promoting an inflammatory response to tissue damage, while both overactivated and downregulated autophagy worsen disease outcomes in different stages of DKD. 
  • 553
  • 13 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Renal Rehabilitation
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global health problem. In patients with CKD, exercise endurance is decreased, especially as renal dysfunction advances. This is due to the combined effects of protein-energy wasting, uremic acidosis, and inflammatory cachexia, which lead to sarcopenia and are aggravated by a sedentary lifestyle, resulting in a progressive downward spiral of deconditioning.
  • 551
  • 29 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Parameters Used to Evaluate Glycemic Variability
In the current diabetes management paradigm, we know that in evaluating the overall quality of glycemic control, besides the traditional measurements of glycemias and HbA1c, we need also to evaluate the degree of glycemic values fluctuations, which are incorporated in the glycemic variability phenomena. It is well known, that independently of glycemic values and HbA1c, glycemic variability is associated with the development of chronic diabetes complications and is linked to an increased risk of clinically significant hypo- and hyper- glycemias. To evaluate glycemic variability, several parameters are recommended, depending on what component of glycemic varibility is wanted to be assessed. Herein, the most frequently used parameters of glycemic variability are presented, how these parameters are calculated as well as their individual clinical usage are also described. 
  • 550
  • 11 Mar 2024
Topic Review
The Global Medicines Agency Charter
The charter of the Global Medicines Agency (GMA) is based on learning from the working of these agencies to enable reaching the goal by bringing clarity, rationality, and practicality to the registration of drugs to overcome their accessibility issues.
  • 549
  • 25 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Regenerative Medicine in CHD
Bioabsorbable materials made from polymeric compounds have been used in many fields of regenerative medicine to promote tissue regeneration. These materials replace autologous tissue and, due to their growth potential, make excellent substitutes for cardiovascular applications in the treatment of congenital heart disease.
  • 549
  • 13 May 2021
Topic Review
The PATIENT Approach
PATIENT (P: patient’s perception; A: assessment; T: tailored approach; I: iterative evaluation; E: education; N: non-pharmacological approach; T: team), a bundle which can help to summarize all the steps to follow in the management of chronic pain.
  • 538
  • 02 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Phytochemicals and Vitamin D for Healthy Lifes
A variety of phytocompounds contained in medical plants have been used as medication, including Kampo (traditional Japanese) medicine. Phytochemicals are one category of the chemical compounds mainly known as antioxidants. Phytochemicals generally consist of various classes of compounds, including terpenoids, carotenoids, flavonoids (polyphenols), etc. Here, people describe the effects of phytochemicals, including the polyphenols abundantly contained in onions, citrus fruits, tea, soybeans, turmeric, cacao, and grapes—familiar vegetables and fruits in Japan—combined with vitamin D, an attractive synergic formula for a healthy lifestyle and the prevention of diseases.
  • 529
  • 10 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Biological Links between Aging and Frailty
The life expectancy of the global population has increased. Aging is a natural physiological process that poses major challenges in an increasingly long-lived and frail population. Several molecular mechanisms are involved in aging.
  • 528
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Effects of AntagomiRs on Different Lung Diseases
MiRNAs have been shown to play a crucial role among lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, tuberculosis (TBC) infection, and bronchial hypersensitivity, thus including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. The oncogenic effect of several miRNAs has been ruled out. In order to act on miRNAs turnover, antagomiRs have been developed.
  • 528
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Use of 3D Spheroid Models in Different Cancers
Advanced tissue engineering processes and regenerative medicine provide modern strategies for fabricating three-dimensional (3D) spheroids. Several different 3D cancer models are being developed to study a variety of cancers. Three-dimensional spheroids can correctly replicate some features of solid tumors (such as the secretion of soluble mediators, drug resistance mechanisms, gene expression patterns and physiological responses) better than 2D cell cultures or animal models. Tumor spheroids are also helpful for precisely reproducing the three-dimensional organization and microenvironmental factors of tumors. Because of these unique properties, the potential of 3D cell aggregates has been emphasized, and they have been utilized in in vitro models for the detection of novel anticancer drugs. 
  • 527
  • 18 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approaches to Temporomandibular Dysfunction
Temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) is a burgeoning area of study within the dental field. TMD is caused by abnormalities in the temporomandibular joint or muscles of mastication and can lead to pain, loss of function, and other complications.
  • 515
  • 29 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Genetic Features of 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
The 22q11.2 region has a complex structure, characterized by low copy repeats (LCR22A, LCR22B, LCR22C, LCR22D) which share >96% of their sequence and are particularly prone to nonallelic homologous recombination during gametogenesis.
  • 515
  • 08 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Venous Thromboembolism Risk Assessment in Ambulatory Cancer Patients
Cancer patients are at greater risk of developing venous thromboembolism compared to the general population, which can lead to a decreased quality of life, a worsened prognosis, and increased treatment costs. Many cancer patients will experience venous thromboembolism (VTE) at some stage, with the highest rate in the initial period following diagnosis. Novel cancer therapies may further enhance the risk. VTE in a cancer setting is associated with poor prognostic, a decreased quality of life, and high healthcare costs.
  • 507
  • 31 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Coffee and Microbiota
Coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages in the world, which has important repercussions on the health of the individual, mainly because of certain compounds it contains. Coffee consumption exerts significant influences on the entire body, including the gastrointestinal tract, where a central role is played by the gut microbiota. Dysbiosis in the gut microbiota is implicated in the occurrence of numerous diseases, and knowledge of the microbiota has proven to be of fundamental importance for the development of new therapeutic strategies.
  • 502
  • 21 Feb 2024
Topic Review
IL-33/IL-31 Axis in Autoimmune Disorders
Several allergic and immunologic diseases including asthma, food allergy (FA), chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), atopic dermatitis (AD), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and Behçet’s disease (BD) are characterized by the involvement of Th2 immunity. Several mediators lead to immunoglobulin (Ig)E production, thus including key cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13. Among them, IL-31 and IL-33 have been recently studied as novel biomarkers and future therapeutic targets for allergic and immunological disorders. IL-31 is a proinflammatory cytokine—it regulates cell proliferation and is involved in tissue remodeling. IL-33, acting through its receptor suppression of tumorigenity (ST2L), is an alarmin cytokine from the IL-1 family, whose expression is mediated by tissue damage. The latter has a pleiotropic effect, as it may modulate specific and innate immune cells functions.
  • 498
  • 01 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Acute Coronary Syndromes
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a common genetic disorder with a propensity towards early onset of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). The main goal of therapy is to reduce the LDL cholesterol and the treatment generally consists of statin, ezetimibe and PCSK9 inhibitors. Unfortunately, lowering LDL cholesterol may be difficult for many reasons such as the variation of response to statin therapy among the population or the high cost of some therapies (i.e., PCSK9 inhibitors). 
  • 497
  • 10 May 2023
Topic Review
Evaluation of Bone Fragility in Patients with T2DM
Bone fragility is a common complication in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, traditional techniques for the evaluation of bone fragility, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), do not perform well in this population. Moreover, the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX) usually underestimates fracture risk in T2DM. Importantly, novel technologies for the assessment of one microarchitecture in patients with T2DM, such as the trabecular bone score (TBS), high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT), and microindentation, are emerging. Furthermore, different serum and urine bone biomarkers may also be useful for the evaluation of bone quality in T2DM. 
  • 490
  • 08 Aug 2023
Topic Review
IGF-IR Stimulating Activity Analyses
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) play a crucial factor in the growth, differentiation and survival of cells in health and disease. IGF-I and IGF-II primarily activate the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which is present on the cell surface. Activation of the IGF-IR stimulates multiple pathways which finally results in multiple biological effects in a variety of tissues and cells. In addition, activation of the IGF-IR has been found to be essential for the growth of cancers. The conventional view in the past was that the IGF-IR was exclusively a tyrosine kinase receptor and that phosphorylation of tyrosine residues, after binding of IGF-I to the IGF-IR, started a cascade of post-receptor events. Research has shown that this view was too simplistic. It has been found that the IGF-IR also has kinase-independent functions and may even emit signals in the unoccupied state through some yet-to-be-defined non-canonical pathways. The IGF-IR may further form hybrids with the insulin receptors but also with receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) outside the insulin-IGF system. In addition, the IGF-IR has extensive cross-talk with many other receptor tyrosine kinases and their downstream effectors. Moreover, there is now emerging evidence that the IGF-IR utilizes parts of the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) pathways: the IGF-IR can be considered as a functional RTK/GPCR hybrid, which integrates the kinase signaling with some IGF-IR mediated canonical GPCR characteristics. Like the classical GPCRs the IGF-IR can also show homologous and heterologous desensitization.
  • 484
  • 07 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Lindauer Psychotherapiewochen
The Lindauer Psychotherapiewochen (LP) are specialist conferences primarily intended as further training for doctors, psychologists, and child and youth psychotherapists, especially in psychodynamic psychotherapy. They have been held annually in April in Lindau since 1950. Since 1967, the conference has been organised by the Vereinigung für psychotherapeutische Fort- und Weiterbildung. The conferences' scientific directors are Cord Benecke (since 2020), Peter Henningsen (since 2011) and Dorothea Huber (since 2017).
  • 480
  • 12 Oct 2022
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