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Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Mediterranean Diet
The Mediterranean diet is a food pattern incorporated into a set of lifestyle practices typical of Greece and Southern Italy in the early 1960s, where adult life expectancy was notably high, while rates of diet-related chronic diseases were low. The Mediterranean diet was described initially by the work of LG Allbaugh, commissioned by the Rockefeller foundation and the Greek government post-WW2 on the Greek island of Crete in 1948. The Mediterranean diet was accepted as Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO in 2013. The primary advantages of the Mediterranean diet include health benefits pertinent to cardiovascular, metabolic syndrome, and cognition.
  • 3.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
CXCL12/CXCR4 Biological Axis and Its Physiological Functions
The CXCL12/CXCR4 biological axis is a coupled molecular pair, which is formed by the interaction of CXCL12 and its corresponding receptor CXCR4, and is closely related to intercellular messaging and cell migration.
  • 3.6K
  • 05 Aug 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
The Increase in Addiction during COVID-19
The increase in addiction during COVID-19 is a condition that emerged as an aftermath of COVID-19-related events, for instance, fear of the spread of COVID-19, self-abstention from many activities, and restrictions established by the lockdown measures. This condition includes substance addictions such as drugs and alcohol but also behavioral addictions such as gambling, gaming, pornography, and smartphone and internet misuse.
  • 3.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
COVID-19 and Bell’s Palsy
There are various neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Recent data suggest a connection between hemifacial paralysis, or Bell’s palsy, and COVID-19. Although the etiology of Bell’s palsy is unknown, the leading proposed etiology is viral in nature. Since the onset of the pandemic, numerous studies have investigated the relationship between Bell’s palsy, COVID-19 infection, and COVID-19 vaccination. The researchers studied the current literature on the topic of COVID-19 as it relates to Bell’s palsy. 
  • 3.6K
  • 13 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Quinolones
Fluoroquinolones (FQs) are arguably among the most successful antibiotics of recent times. They have enjoyed over 30 years of clinical usage and become essential tools in the armoury of clinical treatments. FQs target the bacterial enzymes DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV, where they stabilise a covalent enzyme-DNA complex in which the DNA is cleaved in both strands. This leads to cell death and turns out to be a very effective way of killing bacteria. However, resistance to FQs is increasingly problematic, and alternative compounds are urgently needed.
  • 3.6K
  • 25 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Carbon Coating Method
The carbon coating has the following main mechanisms: (1) Modifying surface chemical stability, (2) Enhancing structural stability, and (3) Improving Li-ion diffusion. 
  • 3.6K
  • 07 Jul 2022
Topic Review
TiO2
TiO2 probably plays the most important role in photocatalysis due to its excellent chemical and physical properties. However, the band gap of TiO2 corresponds to the Ultraviolet (UV) region, which is inactive under visible irradiation. At present, TiO2 has become activated in the visible light region by metal and nonmetal doping and the fabrication of composites. Recently, nano-TiO2 has attracted much attention due to its characteristics of larger specific surface area and more exposed surface active sites. nano-TiO2 has been obtained in many morphologies such as ultrathin nanosheets, nanotubes, and hollow nanospheres.
  • 3.6K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review Peer Reviewed
Trust in Science and COVID-19
In this entry, trust in science is defined as the reliance, confidence, and dependence on science to understand scientific information. With the outbreak of, and the uncertainty surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic, turning towards science and trusting the specialized knowledge of experts is of particular importance during this period.
  • 3.6K
  • 13 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Raw Materials for Geopolymer Production
Due to the high generation of industrial waste by-products, disposal concerns, less utilization, and hazardous nature, the research on its valorization as a precursor for geopolymer production is potentially environmentally viable.
  • 3.6K
  • 18 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Differential Signaling
Differential signaling is a method for electrically transmitting information using two complementary signals. The technique sends the same electrical signal as a differential pair of signals, each in its own conductor. The pair of conductors can be wires in a twisted-pair or ribbon cable or traces on a printed circuit board. Electrically, the two conductors carry voltage signals which are equal in magnitude, but of opposite polarity. The receiving circuit responds to the difference between the two signals, which results in a signal a magnitude twice as large. Any interference caused by the transmission of differential signals tend to cancel out resulting in reduced emission that could affect nearby circuits.
  • 3.6K
  • 02 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Women in Positions of Power
Women in positions of power are women who hold an occupation that gives them great authority, influence, and/or responsibility. Historically, power has been distributed among the sexes disparately. Power and powerful positions have most often been associated with men as opposed to women. As gender equality increases, women hold more and more powerful positions. Accurate and proportional representation of women in social systems has been shown to be important to the long-lasting success of the human race. Additionally, a study shows that “absence is not merely a sign of disadvantage and disenfranchisement, but the exclusion of women from positions of power also compounds gender stereotypes and retards the pace of equalization".
  • 3.6K
  • 10 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Trough (Meteorology)
A trough is an elongated region of relatively low atmospheric pressure without a closed isobaric contour that would define it as a low pressure area. Since low pressure implies a low height on a pressure surface, troughs and ridges refer to features in an identical sense as those on a topographic map. Troughs may be at the surface, or aloft. Near-surface troughs sometimes mark a weather front associated with clouds, showers, and a wind direction shift. Upper-level troughs in the jet stream (as shown in diagram) reflect cyclonic filaments of vorticity. Their motion induces upper-level wind divergence, lifting and cooling the air ahead (downstream) of the trough and helping to produce cloudy and rain conditions there. Unlike fronts, there is not a universal symbol for a trough on a surface weather analysis chart. The weather charts in some countries or regions mark troughs by a line. In the United States, a trough may be marked as a dashed line or bold line. In the UK, Hong Kong and Fiji, it is represented by a bold line extended from a low pressure center or between two low pressure centers; in Macau and Australia, it is a dashed line. If they are not marked, troughs may still be identified as an extension of isobars away from a low pressure center.
  • 3.6K
  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Nail Mini-Organ Stem Cells
Nails are highly keratinized skin appendages that exhibit continuous growth under physiological conditions and full regeneration upon removal. These mini-organs are maintained by two autonomous populations of skin stem cells. The fast-cycling, highly proliferative stem cells of the nail matrix (nail stem cells (NSCs)) predominantly replenish the nail plate. Furthermore, the slow-cycling population of the nail proximal fold (nail proximal fold stem cells (NPFSCs)) displays bifunctional properties by contributing to the peri-nail epidermis under the normal homeostasis and the nail structure upon injury. Here, we discuss nail mini-organ stem cells’ location and their role in skin and nail homeostasis and regeneration, emphasizing their importance to orchestrate the whole digit tip regeneration. Such endogenous regeneration capabilities are observed in rodents and primates. However, they are limited to the region adjacent to the nail’s proximal area, indicating the crucial role of nail mini-organ stem cells in digit restoration.
  • 3.6K
  • 04 May 2021
Topic Review
Application of Citric Acid in the Food Industry
Citric acid finds broad applications in various industrial sectors, such as the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and cosmetic industries. The bioproduction of citric acid uses various microorganisms, but the most commonly employed ones are filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger and yeast Yarrowia lipolytica.
  • 3.6K
  • 10 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Fungal decomposition of dead wood
Fungi create a nutritional niche for deadwood-eaters ------------------------------ Direct comparison of the amounts of essential nutrients and ergosterol in wood provides evidence that the changes in the stoichiometry of decaying dead wood are driven by the action of fungi. They infest dead wood to take advantage of the ample supply of an energy-rich substrate. However, to exploit this resource, these fungi must import an array of essential nutrients from outside of the dead wood. This nutritional enrichment of dead wood creates a nutritional niche for xylophages that allows them to grow, develop, and reach maturity. Therefore, xylophagous beetles (considered as “wood-eaters”) are unable to gather the necessary amounts of nutrients from pure dead wood to grow and mature, but instead must utilize fungal tissues. ------------------------------
  • 3.6K
  • 03 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Drone Brood
Drone brood homogenate (known as apilarnil or less apistimul) is a bee product obtained by the collection of drone (male honeybees)  larvae from drone cells of honey comb, from 3 to 11 days after hatching. Apilarnil, which may be defined as the male equivalent of royal jelly, is obtained from drone brood and then freeze-dried. Etymologically, the term originates from “api” for bee, “lar” for larvae, and “nil” as a shortened form of its discoverer’s name - Romanian apitherapist Nicholae Iliesiu. 
  • 3.6K
  • 17 Dec 2020
Topic Review
Pharmacological Activities of Hovenia dulcis Extracts
Hovenia dulcis Thunberg is an herbal plant, belonging to the Rhamnaceae family, widespread in west Asia, USA, Australia and New Zealand, but still almost unknown in Western countries. H. dulcis has been described to possess several pharmacological properties, such as antidiabetic, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective, especially in the hangover treatment, validating its use as an herbal remedy in the Chinese Traditional Medicine. The biological activities of H. dulcis crude extracts and secondary metabolites isolated from them highlighted promising pharmacological effects in vitro and in vivo.
  • 3.6K
  • 20 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Interpersonal Relationship
Interpersonal relationships refer to the social connections and interactions between individuals, characterized by emotional bonds, communication, and mutual influence. These relationships encompass various forms, including friendships, familial ties, romantic partnerships, and professional connections, playing a crucial role in shaping individuals' social and emotional well-being.
  • 3.6K
  • 25 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Online Food Delivery Platforms
In the midst of the global 2020 COVID-19 outbreak, the advantages of online food delivery (FD) were obvious as it facilitated consumer access to prepared meals and enabled food providers to keep operating. However, online FD is not without its critics, with reports of consumer and restaurant boycotts. It is therefore time to take stock and consider the broader impacts of online FD and what they mean for the stakeholders involved. Using the three pillars of sustainability as a lens through which to consider the impacts, this review presents the most up-to-date research in this field revealing a raft of positive and negative impacts. From an economic standpoint, online FD while providing job and sale opportunities has been criticized for high commissions it charges restaurants and questionable working conditions for delivery people. From a social perspective, online FD is affecting the relationship between consumers and their food as well as influencing public health outcomes and traffic systems. Environmental impacts include the generation of worrying amounts of waste and its high carbon footprints. Stakeholders must consider how best to mitigate the negative and promote the positive impacts of online FD to ensure that it is sustainable, in every sense, moving forward.
  • 3.6K
  • 04 Aug 2020
Topic Review
Bioferments
Bioferments are innovative ingredients extracted from natural raw materials by carrying out a fermentation process with appropriate strains of microorganisms. Mainly bioferments are made from plant-based raw materials. The spectrum of applications for bioferments is broad and includes properties such as skin whitening, antioxidant properties (blackberry, soybean, goji berry), anti-aging (red ginseng, black ginseng, Citrus unshiu peel), hydrating, and anti-allergic (aloe vera, skimmed milk).
  • 3.6K
  • 04 Aug 2022
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