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Topic Review
Autophagy Modulators
Autophagy modulation is considered to be a promising programmed cell death mechanism to prevent and cure a great number of disorders and diseases. The crucial step in designing an effective therapeutic approach is to understand the correct and accurate causes of diseases and to understand whether autophagy plays a cytoprotective or cytotoxic/cytostatic role in the progression and prevention of disease. This knowledge will help scientists find approaches to manipulate tumor and pathologic cells in order to enhance cellular sensitivity to therapeutics and treat them. Although some conventional therapeutics suffer from poor solubility, bioavailability and controlled release mechanisms, it appears that novel nanoplatforms overcome these obstacles and have led to the design of a theranostic-controlled drug release system with high solubility and active targeting and stimuli-responsive potentials.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nanomedicine and Brain Tumors
A brain tumor, a tumor that develops within the skull, is an abnormal mass of tissue in which cells grow and multiply out of control. Although more than 150 types of brain tumors have been reported, they are macroscopically divided into primary and metastatic groups. Tumors that arise directly from the brain tissue or surrounding the brain are classified as primary brain tumors.
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jan 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Photonic Cavities
An eco-friendly approach to usual optical cavities, in which an electromagnetic radiation can release energy to matter by interacting with its molecular or atomic structure. Based on bio-inspired and biodegradable meta-surfaces, able to behave as a resonator for light, their optical response can be engineered at will to accomplish a particular optical task.  
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Poly(α-L-glutamic acid)-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
Poly(α-L-glutamic acid) (PGA) is a class of synthetic polypeptides composed of the monomeric unit α-L-glutamic acid. Owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity, PGA-based nanomaterials have been elaborately designed for drug delivery systems.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Inks for Printed Electronics
The demand for electronics and, therefore, electronic waste, has increased. To reduce this electronic waste and the impact of this sector on the environment, it is necessary to develop biodegradable systems using naturally produced materials with low impact on the environment or systems that can degrade in a certain period. One way to manufacture these types of systems is by using printed electronics because the inks and the substrates used are sustainable. Printed electronics involve different methods of deposition, such as screen printing or inkjet printing. Depending on the method of deposition selected, the developed inks should have different properties, such as viscosity or solid content. To produce sustainable inks, it is necessary to ensure that most of the materials used in the formulation are biobased, biodegradable, or not considered critical raw materials.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Sutures' Structure and Application
With the increasing demand for wound healing around the world, the level of medical equipment is also increasing, but sutures are still the preferred medical equipment for medical personnel to solve wound closures. Compared with the traditional sutures, the nanofiber sutures produced by combining the preparation technology of drug-eluting sutures have greatly improved both mechanical properties and biological properties. Electrospinning technology has attracted more attention as one of the most convenient and simple methods for preparing functional nanofibers and the related sutures. Medical sutures refer to special medical threads used in surgery to stop bleeding, which can hold the surrounding tissues of the wound together or squeeze blood vessels to achieve hemostasis. For soft tissues such as skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments, the wound repair device used needs to be highly elastic and flexible. 
  • 1.0K
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Application of the Functionalized Bacterial Nanocellulose in Biosensors
A biosensor is an analytical device capable of transforming biochemical responses into measurable signals. Nanocellulose biosynthesized from bacteria, known as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), is a potential alternative source to the other cellulose classes. Its high water-holding capacity, high degree of polymerization, intrinsic nanostructure, high crystallinity, high mechanical strength, and low cost and sustainable enhanced production contribute to its versatility. Studies have shown that these particular features of BNC, paired with its biocompatibility, make this material an attractive candidate for a wide array of applications (e.g., biomedical, pharmaceutical, biotechnology, cosmetics, food, textile, and even electronics). 
  • 1.0K
  • 06 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Translational Formulation Technologies for Cancer-Therapy
Over the past few decades, the field of cancer therapy has seen a significant change in the way in which formulations are designed and developed, resulting in more efficient products that allow us to ultimately achieve improved drug bioavailability, efficacy, and safety. However, although many formulations have entered the market, many others have fallen by the wayside leaving the scientific community with several lessons to learn.
  • 1.0K
  • 16 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Ionic Liquid-Based Materials, Biomedical Applications
Ionic liquids (ILs) are being applied in a wide range of areas such as sensors and actuators. The increasing attention devoted to ILs is based on their unique properties and possible combination of different cations and anions, allowing the development of materials with specific functionalities and requirements for applications. In recent years, ILs have also been gaining attention in the biomedical field, where they allow important advances in novel pharmaceutics and medical strategies. 
  • 1.0K
  • 30 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Isolation, Characterization, Modification, and Applications of PMS
Proso millet starch (PMS) as an unconventional and underutilized millet starch is becoming increasingly popular worldwide due to its health-promoting properties. PMS can be isolated from proso millet grains by acidic, alkaline, or enzymatic extraction. PMS exhibits typical A-type polymorphic diffraction patterns and shows polygonal and spherical granular structures with a granule size of 0.3–17 µm. PMS is modified by chemical, physical, and biological methods. The native and modified PMS are analyzed for swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, thermal properties, retrogradation, freeze–thaw stability, and in vitro digestibility.
  • 1.0K
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Algal Biopolymers
Algae can produce a broad variety of biopolymers. Algae are diverse photosynthetic organisms that can be classified into various groups, including green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Algal biopolymers can be extracted from different parts of algae, such as the cell walls or intracellular compartments.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Supercritical Carbon-di-Oxide Technology for Polymeric-Particles
Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2)  based techniques can be exploited for the formulation of polymeric nanocarriers, limiting the use of toxic organic solvent. The currently approved FDA pharmaceutical polymers like PLA and PLGA particles can be obtained in the micro-and nanometer range by techniques that involve SC-CO2 as solvent (RESS, RESOLV), anti-solvent (SAS, SEDS, SAILA) or extractant (SFEE), depending on the SC-CO2 compatibility with the system materials and the final product.
  • 1.0K
  • 27 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Types of Membrane Vesicles Acting as Tumor Vaccines
Membrane vesicles, a group of nano- or microsized vesicles, can be internalized or interact with the recipient cells, depending on their parental cells, size, structure and content. Membrane vesicles fuse with the target cell membrane, or they bind to the receptors on the cell surface, to transfer special effects. Based on versatile features, they can modulate the functions of immune cells and therefore influence immune responses. In the field of tumor therapeutic applications, phospholipid-membrane-based nanovesicles attract increased interest. Academic institutions and industrial companies are putting in effort to design, modify and apply membrane vesicles as potential tumor vaccines contributing to tumor immunotherapy. 
  • 1.0K
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Ionic Liquids for Biodegradable Polymeric Materials
Measures to endorse the adoption of eco-friendly biodegradable plastics as a response to the scale of plastic pollution have created a demand for innovative products from materials from Nature. Ionic liquids (ILs) have the ability to disrupt the hydrogen bonding network of biopolymers, increase the mobility of biopolymer chains, reduce friction, and produce materials with various morphologies and mechanical properties. Due to these qualities, ILs are considered ideal for plasticizing biopolymers, enabling them to meet a wide range of specifications for biopolymeric materials.
  • 1.0K
  • 07 Feb 2024
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer
As the combination of therapies enhances the performance of biocompatible materials in cancer treatment, theranostic therapies are attracting increasing attention rather than individual approaches.
  • 1.0K
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Biomimetic Mineralization for Enamel and Dentin
The tooth, including enamel and dentin, is a prominent biomineral that is produced by the biomineralization of living organisms. In clinical dentistry, traditional remineralization is achieved by using fluoride to enhance the deposition of calcium phosphate on the enamel surface, which is called an acid-resistant layer of fluorapatite. Despite this method having been successful in hardening enamel, the structure of this mineral layer is disordered and loose, and distinct from the natural enamel. Inspired by the process of natural enamel formation, strategies of biomimetic remineralization have been proposed and developed for several decades. These strategies include simulating in-body mineralization conditions, such as the enamel disks immersed in simulated body fluid, to mimic the function of the proteins involved in the biomineralization of the tooth, and constructing a mineralization front similar to that observed during the formation of calcified tissue. These methods allow the regrowth of HAP crystals on the enamel surface in an attempt to replicate the complex structure of the tooth and restore its mechanical properties.
  • 1.0K
  • 14 Nov 2023
Topic Review
Osteoimmunomodulatory Biomaterials
The critical role of the immune system in host defense against foreign bodies and pathogens has been long recognized. With the introduction of a new field of research called osteoimmunology, the crosstalk between the immune and bone-forming cells has been studied more thoroughly, leading to the conclusion that the two systems are intimately connected through various cytokines, signaling molecules, transcription factors and receptors.
  • 1.0K
  • 11 Oct 2021
Topic Review
Chitosan-Based Self-Healing Hydrogel
Biocompatible self-healing hydrogels are new-generation smart soft materials that hold great promise in biomedical fields. Chitosan-based self-healing hydrogels, mainly prepared via dynamic imine bonds, have attracted broad attention due to their mild preparation conditions, excellent biocompatibility, and self-recovery ability under a physiological environment.
  • 1.0K
  • 26 Sep 2023
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Based Biodegradable Films
Packaging can mitigate the physical, chemical, and microbiological phenomena that affects food products’ quality and acceptability. However, the use of conventional packaging from non-renewable fossil sources generates environmental damage caused by the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable films emerge as alternative biomaterials which are ecologically sustainable and offer protection and increase food product shelf life.
  • 1.0K
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Applications of Pullulan-Based Biomaterials
Polysaccharide polymers have been used to fabricate wound dressings. The applications of biopolymers, such as chitin, gelatin, pullulan, and chitosan, have greatly expanded in the biomedical field due to their non-toxic, antibacterial, biocompatible, hemostatic, and nonimmunogenic properties. Most of these polymers have been used in the form of foams, films, sponges, and fibers in drug carrier devices, skin tissue scaffolds, and wound dressings. Currently, special focus has been directed towards the fabrication of wound dressings based on synthesized hydrogels using natural polymers. The high-water retention capacity of hydrogels makes them potent candidates for wound dressings as they provide a moist environment in the wound and remove excess wound fluid, thereby accelerating wound healing. The incorporation of pullulan with different, naturally occurring polymers, such as chitosan, in wound dressings is currently attracting much attention due to the antimicrobial, antioxidant and nonimmunogenic properties. Despite the valuable properties of pullulan, it also has some limitations, such as poor mechanical properties and high cost. However, these properties are improved by blending it with different polymers. Additionally, more investigations are required to obtain pullulan derivatives with suitable properties in high quality wound dressings and tissue engineering applications. 
  • 1.0K
  • 21 Mar 2023
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