You're using an outdated browser. Please upgrade to a modern browser for the best experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Two-Dimensional Theranostic Nanomaterials in Cancer
As the combination of therapies enhances the performance of biocompatible materials in cancer treatment, theranostic therapies are attracting increasing attention rather than individual approaches.
  • 999
  • 18 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Potential of Carbon-Based Nanocomposites
While conventional dental implants focus on mechanical properties, recent advances in functional carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) accelerated the facilitation of functionalities including osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osseointegration. The surface functionalization with CNMs in dental implants has emerged as a novel strategy for reinforcement and as a bioactive cue due to their potential for mechanical reinforcing, osseointegration, and antimicrobial properties. Numerous developments in the fabrication and biological studies of CNMs have provided various opportunities to expand their application to dental regeneration and restoration. In this review, we discuss the advances in novel dental implants with CNMs in terms of tissue engineering, including material combination, coating strategies, and biofunctionalities. We present a brief overview of recent findings and progression in the research to show the promising aspect of CNMs for dental implant application. In conclusion, it is shown that further development of surface functionalization with CNMs may provide innovative results with clinical potential for improved osseointegration after implantation. 
  • 999
  • 28 Sep 2021
Topic Review
Corrosion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances
The orthodontic supply market is a prosperous billion-dollar industry, driven by an increasing demand for orthodontic appliances. The supremacy of metallic first-generation biomaterials is evident for manufacturing brackets, archwires, bands, and other components due to their well-recognized chemical inertness, spontaneous passivation, biocompatibility, and favorable mechanical properties combination. However, the oral cavity is the ultimate corrosion-promoting environment for any metallic material.
  • 994
  • 06 Dec 2023
Topic Review
Biomimetic ECM-based 3D muscular scaffolds
Severe muscle injuries are a real clinical issue that still needs to be successfully addressed. Tissue engineering can represent a potential approach for this aim, but effective healing solutions have not been developed yet. In this regard, novel experimental protocols tailored to a biomimetic approach can thus be defined by properly systematizing the findings acquired so far in the biomaterials and scaffold manufacturing fields. In order to plan a more comprehensive strategy, the extracellular matrix (ECM), with its properties stimulating neomyogenesis and vascularization, should be considered as a valuable biomaterial to be used to fabricate the tissue-specific three-dimensional structure of interest. The skeletal muscle decellularized ECM can be processed and printed, e.g., by means of stereolithography, to prepare bioactive and biomimetic 3D scaffolds, including both biochemical and topographical features specifically oriented to skeletal muscle regenerative applications. This paper aims to focus on the skeletal muscle tissue engineering sector, suggesting a possible approach to develop instructive scaffolds for a guided healing process.
  • 993
  • 21 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fluorogenic Aptasensors with Small Molecules
Aptamers are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules that can be identified through an iterative in vitro selection–amplification process. Among them, fluorogenic aptamers in response to small molecules have been of great interest in biosensing and bioimaging due to their rapid fluorescence turn-on signals with high target specificity and low background noise. 
  • 993
  • 25 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Fabrication of Magnetic Polymeric Micelles
Hybrid nanoarchitectures such as magnetic polymeric micelles (MPMs) are among the most promising nanotechnology-enabled materials for biomedical applications combining the benefits of polymeric micelles and magnetic nanoparticles within a single bioinstructive system. MPMs are formed by the self-assembly of polymer amphiphiles above the critical micelle concentration, generating a colloidal structure with a hydrophobic core and a hydrophilic shell incorporating magnetic particles (MNPs) in one of the segments. MPMs have been investigated most prominently as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as heat generators in hyperthermia treatments, and as magnetic-susceptible nanocarriers for the delivery and release of therapeutic agents. The versatility of MPMs constitutes a powerful route to ultrasensitive, precise, and multifunctional diagnostic and therapeutic vehicles for the treatment of a wide range of pathologies. 
  • 993
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Bio-Photonic Cavities
An eco-friendly approach to usual optical cavities, in which an electromagnetic radiation can release energy to matter by interacting with its molecular or atomic structure. Based on bio-inspired and biodegradable meta-surfaces, able to behave as a resonator for light, their optical response can be engineered at will to accomplish a particular optical task.  
  • 990
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Sutures' Structure and Application
With the increasing demand for wound healing around the world, the level of medical equipment is also increasing, but sutures are still the preferred medical equipment for medical personnel to solve wound closures. Compared with the traditional sutures, the nanofiber sutures produced by combining the preparation technology of drug-eluting sutures have greatly improved both mechanical properties and biological properties. Electrospinning technology has attracted more attention as one of the most convenient and simple methods for preparing functional nanofibers and the related sutures. Medical sutures refer to special medical threads used in surgery to stop bleeding, which can hold the surrounding tissues of the wound together or squeeze blood vessels to achieve hemostasis. For soft tissues such as skin, muscles, tendons and ligaments, the wound repair device used needs to be highly elastic and flexible. 
  • 987
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Inks for Printed Electronics
The demand for electronics and, therefore, electronic waste, has increased. To reduce this electronic waste and the impact of this sector on the environment, it is necessary to develop biodegradable systems using naturally produced materials with low impact on the environment or systems that can degrade in a certain period. One way to manufacture these types of systems is by using printed electronics because the inks and the substrates used are sustainable. Printed electronics involve different methods of deposition, such as screen printing or inkjet printing. Depending on the method of deposition selected, the developed inks should have different properties, such as viscosity or solid content. To produce sustainable inks, it is necessary to ensure that most of the materials used in the formulation are biobased, biodegradable, or not considered critical raw materials.
  • 987
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Types of Membrane Vesicles Acting as Tumor Vaccines
Membrane vesicles, a group of nano- or microsized vesicles, can be internalized or interact with the recipient cells, depending on their parental cells, size, structure and content. Membrane vesicles fuse with the target cell membrane, or they bind to the receptors on the cell surface, to transfer special effects. Based on versatile features, they can modulate the functions of immune cells and therefore influence immune responses. In the field of tumor therapeutic applications, phospholipid-membrane-based nanovesicles attract increased interest. Academic institutions and industrial companies are putting in effort to design, modify and apply membrane vesicles as potential tumor vaccines contributing to tumor immunotherapy. 
  • 985
  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Isolation, Characterization, Modification, and Applications of PMS
Proso millet starch (PMS) as an unconventional and underutilized millet starch is becoming increasingly popular worldwide due to its health-promoting properties. PMS can be isolated from proso millet grains by acidic, alkaline, or enzymatic extraction. PMS exhibits typical A-type polymorphic diffraction patterns and shows polygonal and spherical granular structures with a granule size of 0.3–17 µm. PMS is modified by chemical, physical, and biological methods. The native and modified PMS are analyzed for swelling power, solubility, pasting properties, thermal properties, retrogradation, freeze–thaw stability, and in vitro digestibility.
  • 984
  • 03 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Polysaccharide-Based Biodegradable Films
Packaging can mitigate the physical, chemical, and microbiological phenomena that affects food products’ quality and acceptability. However, the use of conventional packaging from non-renewable fossil sources generates environmental damage caused by the accumulation of non-biodegradable waste. Biodegradable films emerge as alternative biomaterials which are ecologically sustainable and offer protection and increase food product shelf life.
  • 984
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Polymers–HA Composite
Hydroxyapatite (HA), especially in the form of HA nanoparticles (HANPs), has excellent bioactivity, biodegradability, and osteoconductivity and therefore has been widely used as a template or additives for drug delivery in clinical applications, such as dentistry and orthopedic repair. Due to the atomically anisotropic distribution on the preferred growth of HA crystals, especially the nanoscale rod-/whisker-like morphology, HA can generally be a good candidate for carrying a variety of substances. HA is biocompatible and suitable for medical applications, but most drugs carried by HANPs have an initial burst release. In the adsorption mechanism of HA as a carrier, specific surface area, pore size, and porosity are important factors that mainly affect the adsorption and release amounts.
  • 983
  • 09 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Poly(α-L-glutamic acid)-Based Nanomaterials for Drug Delivery
Poly(α-L-glutamic acid) (PGA) is a class of synthetic polypeptides composed of the monomeric unit α-L-glutamic acid. Owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-immunogenicity, PGA-based nanomaterials have been elaborately designed for drug delivery systems.
  • 980
  • 07 May 2022
Topic Review
Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers for Antibacterial Applications
Synthetic biodegradable polymers are considered biocompatible and highly safe and have found numerous applications in the biomedical field. Due to the degradable nature of polymer implants, they can be removed at the end of the functional life of the implant without surgical intervention. In tissue engineering, synthetic biodegradable polymers usually provide suitable mechanical properties and facilitate cell proliferation and differentiation, making it an excellent material for scaffolds. Synthetic polymers have the advantage of being easy to process and mold, so there are more possibilities in terms of usage properties. Synthetic biodegradable polymers usually have no inherent antimicrobial ability. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of synthetic polymers can be effectively improved by mixing with antimicrobial substances. 
  • 979
  • 12 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Development of Agricultural-Based Nano-Structured Aerogels
Aerogels are an exceptional form of porous materials with extraordinary unique properties. The aerogel has been fabricated from different inorganic and organic materials and incorporated with a variety of novel compounds for specific applications and to enhance its performance in the desired application. 
  • 977
  • 02 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Calculations on Ion Channels
Ion channels are proteins that allow the passage of ions across biological membranes; particularly important cations include Na+, K+, and Ca++. Nerve impulse transmission involves Na+ and K+ channels; the advantages of quantum calculations are discussed.
  • 975
  • 14 May 2021
Topic Review
Radiopaque Crystalline, Non-Crystalline and Nanostructured Bioceramics
Radiopacity is sometimes an essential characteristic of biomaterials that can help clinicians perform follow-ups during pre- and post-interventional radiological imaging. Due to their chemical composition and structure, most bioceramics are inherently radiopaque but can still be doped/mixed with radiopacifiers to increase their visualization during or after medical procedures. The radiopacifiers are frequently heavy elements of the periodic table, such as Bi, Zr, Sr, Ba, Ta, Zn, Y, etc., or their relevant compounds that can confer enhanced radiopacity. Radiopaque bioceramics are also intriguing additives for biopolymers and hybrids, which are extensively researched and developed nowadays for various biomedical setups. 
  • 973
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Biomedical Application of Silk-Based Cryogels
There is a need to develop the next generation of medical products that require biomaterials with improved properties. The versatility of various gels has pushed them to the forefront of biomaterials research. Cryogels, a type of gel scaffold made by controlled crosslinking under subzero or freezing temperatures, have great potential to address many current challenges. Unlike their hydrogel counterparts, which are also able to hold large amounts of biologically relevant fluids such as water, cryogels are often characterized by highly dense and crosslinked polymer walls, macroporous structures, and often improved properties. 
  • 971
  • 04 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Algal Biopolymers
Algae can produce a broad variety of biopolymers. Algae are diverse photosynthetic organisms that can be classified into various groups, including green algae, red algae, and brown algae. Algal biopolymers can be extracted from different parts of algae, such as the cell walls or intracellular compartments.
  • 971
  • 26 Feb 2024
  • Page
  • of
  • 32
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Books

>>
Encyclopedia of COVID-19
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Academic Video Service
Feedback