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Topic Review
Solar Reactor Technologies Developed for Redox Cycles
New sustainable and alternative energy carriers are required to limit the CO2 emissions and climate change arising from intensive fossil fuel utilization and combustion. The solar thermochemical production of synthetic fuels without greenhouse gas emission can be achieved via the splitting of H2O and CO2, using concentrated solar energy as an external high-temperature heat source for the chemical process. Two main solar reactor concepts can be proposed to implement redox cycles.
  • 744
  • 30 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Capture of Industrial CO2 by Algae
The importance of the cultivation of algae in various fields, including in the field of energy, is very high. Algae as a reserve type of renewable fuel are considered thanks to the rapid growth of algae and the ability of algae to store lipids. 
  • 743
  • 06 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Energy Storage Systems
Energy storage is one of the essential components of grid-independent green power generation units. These energy storage units modulate the unpredictable changes in power generation renewable energy sources. For better performance of energy storage and off-grid green microgrids, these units must be economically and reliably in suitable condition, meaning that the size of the components of the clean power generation units should be optimized to be cost-effective.
  • 743
  • 16 Jun 2022
Topic Review
SE in Wave Energy Technology
The design of effective and economically viable wave energy devices involves complex decision-making about the product based on conceptual design information, including stakeholder requirements, functions, components and technical parameters. The great diversity of concepts makes it extremely difficult to create fair comparisons of the relative merits of the many different designs. Conventional design approaches have proved insufficient to guarantee wave energy technologies meet their technical and economic goals. Systems engineering can provide a suitable framework to overcome the obstacles towards a successful wave energy technology. The main objective of this work is to review the well-established systems engineering approaches that have been successfully implemented in complex engineering problems and to what extent they have been applied to wave energy technology development.
  • 742
  • 11 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Heterogeneous Catalysts Used in Hydrothermal Gasification
Supercritical water gasification has emerged as a promising technology to sustainably convert waste residues into clean gaseous fuels rich in combustible gases such as hydrogen and methane. The composition and yield of gases from hydrothermal gasification depend on process conditions such as temperature, pressure, reaction time, feedstock concentration, and reactor geometry. However, catalysts also play a vital role in enhancing the gasification reactions and selectively altering the composition of gas products. Catalysts can also enhance hydrothermal reforming and cracking of biomass to achieve desired gas yields at moderate temperatures, thereby reducing the energy input of the hydrothermal gasification process. 
  • 741
  • 04 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Geothermal Energy
Geothermal heat have a widespread diffusion as they are able to deliver relatively higher energy output than other systems for building air-conditioning. The exploitation of low-enthalpy geothermal energy, however, presents crucial sustainability issues. 
  • 734
  • 05 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Spray Cooling as a High-Efficient Thermal Management Solution
As one of the most promising thermal management solutions, spray cooling has the advantages of high heat-transfer coefficient and maintaining a low temperature of the cooling surface. By summarizing the influential factors and practical applications of spray cooling, the current challenges and bottlenecks were indicated so as to prompt its potential applications in the future.
  • 732
  • 01 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
According to literature, around 80% of the world’s total energy demand is supplied either through fuel-based sources such as oil, gas, and coal or through nuclear-based sources. Literature also shows that a shortage of fossil fuels is inevitable and the world will face this problem sooner or later. Moreover, the remote and rural areas that suffer from not being able to reach traditional grid power electricity need alternative sources of energy. A “hybrid-renewable-energy system” (HRES) involving different renewable resources can be used to supply sustainable power in these areas. The uncertain nature of renewable energy resources and the intelligent ability of the neural network approach to process complex time series inputs have inspired the use of ANN methods in renewable energy forecasting. 
  • 728
  • 11 May 2021
Topic Review
Clean Electricity Policies
Due to the heavy stress on environmental deterioration and the excessive consumption of fossil resources, the transition of global energy from fossil fuel energy to clean energy is significantly accelerated in recent years. The power industry and policymakers in almost all countries are focusing on clean energy development. Thanks to progressive clean energy policies, significant progress in clean energy integration and greenhouse gas reduction has been achieved around the world. However, due to the differences in economic structures, clean energy distributions, and development models, clean energy policy scope, focus, and coverage vary between different countries, states, and utilities. This paper aims at providing a policy review for readers to easily obtain clean energy policy information on various clean energies in the U.S. and some other countries. Firstly, this paper reviews and compares some countries' clean energy policies on electricity. Then taking the U.S. as an example, introducing the clean energy policies of some representative states and utilities in the U.S in perspectives of renewable energies, electric vehicles, and energy storage.
  • 726
  • 09 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Systems Designs of Phase Change Materials
The development of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) applications and products is closely related to the market penetration of the renewable energy technologies. With the initial aim of matching the phase shift between resource availability and demand in solar energy systems, the range of PCM applications expanded rapidly, entering economic sectors where some form of passive thermal regulation was required. 
  • 726
  • 09 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Green Energy Innovation
energy research and development in expanding green energy innovations while reducing long-term emissions is significant. Continual dependence on obsolete energy research and development may worsen environmental sustainability. However, the inclusion of green energy technologies offset environmental pollution without compromising economic productivity. Besides, the mitigation effect of energy research and development is channeled through a decline in energy intensity and technological advancement. Green energy-based innovations and energy research and development play a critical role in achieving environmental sustainability in OECD countries.
  • 725
  • 25 May 2021
Topic Review
Solar Thermal Systems Exergy Analysis
The application of thermal storage materials in solar systems involves materials that utilize sensible heat energy, thermochemical reactions, or phase change materials, such as hydrated salts, fat-ty acids paraffin, and non-paraffin like glycerol.
  • 724
  • 09 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Braking Energy Management and EV
The adoption of electric vehicles promises numerous benefits for modern society. At the same time, there remain significant hurdles to their wide distribution, primarily related to battery-based energy sources. This review concerns the systematization of knowledge in one of the areas of the electric vehicle control, namely, the energy management issues when using braking controllers. The braking process optimization is summarized from two aspects. First, the advantageous solutions are presented that were identified in the field of gradual and urgent braking. Second, several findings discovered in adjacent fields of automation are debated as prospects for their possible application in braking control. 
  • 724
  • 09 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Thermochemical Recycling of Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels
Due to its resistance to natural degradation and decomposition, plastic debris perseveres in the environment for centuries. As a lucrative material for packing industries and consumer products, plastics have become one of the major components of municipal solid waste today. The recycling of plastics is becoming difficult due to a lack of resource recovery facilities and a lack of efficient technologies to separate plastics from mixed solid waste streams. This has made oceans the hotspot for the dispersion and accumulation of plastic residues beyond landfills. 
  • 720
  • 27 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Photovoltaic Panels
In the realm of solar power generation, photovoltaic (PV) panels are used to convert solar radiation into energy. They are subjected to the constantly changing state of the environment, resulting in a wide range of defects.
  • 717
  • 23 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Solid-State Anaerobic Digestion
Anaerobic digestion (AD) is a promising way to produce renewable energy. The solid-state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) with a dry matter content more than 15% in the reactors is seeing its increasing potential in biogas plant deployment. The relevant processes involve multiple of evolving chemical and physical phenomena that are not crucial to conventional liquid-state anaerobic digestion processes (LSAD). A good simulation of SSAD is of great importance to better control and operate the reactors. The modeling of SSAD reactors could be realized either by theoretical or statistical approaches.
  • 714
  • 07 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Thermal Adaptation in Net-Zero-Energy Buildings
       Thermal adaptation is a design strategy and lifestyle matter that makes building users central and effective towards an environmentally friendly energy transition.
  • 710
  • 12 Oct 2020
Topic Review Video
Classification of Energy Storage Technologies
The intensive exploitation and usage of fossil fuels has led to serious environmental consequences, including soil, water, and air pollution and climate changes, and it has compromised the natural resources available for future generations. In this context, identifying new energy storage technologies can be considered a sustainable solution to these problems, with potential long-term effects.
  • 710
  • 19 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Building Energy and Urban Microclimate Simulations
Considering the latest research findings as well as trends in energy policies that necessitate building energy design with accurately predicted performance indicators, building simulation techniques, taking into account the external microclimate effects, should no longer be considered as “for research purposes only” and move to the practitioner level at the early design stages.
  • 708
  • 02 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Bio-Based Catalysts for Biodiesel Production
The continuous increase of the world’s population results in an increased demand for energy drastically from the industrial and domestic sectors as well. Moreover, the current public awareness regarding issues such as pollution and overuse of petroleum fuel has resulted in the development of research approaches concerning alternative renewable energy sources. Amongst the various options for renewable energies used in transportation systems, biodiesel is considered the most suitable replacement for fossil-based diesel. In what concerns the industrial application for biodiesel production, homogeneous catalysts such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid are usually selected, but their removal after reaction could prove to be rather complex and sometimes polluting, resulting in increases on the production costs. Therefore, there is an open field for research on new catalysts regarding biodiesel production, which can comprise heterogeneous catalysts. Apart from that, there are other alternatives to these chemical catalysts. Enzymatic catalysts have also been used in biodiesel production by employing lipases as biocatalysts. For economic reasons, and reusability and recycling, the lipases urged to be immobilized on suitable supports, thus the concept of heterogeneous biocatalysis comes in existence. Just like other heterogeneous catalytic materials, this one also presents similar issues with inefficiency and mass-transfer limitations. A solution to overcome the said limitations can be to consider the use of nanostructures to support enzyme immobilization, thus obtaining new heterogeneous biocatalysts.
  • 702
  • 14 Sep 2021
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