Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide and Gepants
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) antagonists are a class of medications that act as antagonists of the CGRP receptor or ligand. They can be divided into monoclonal antibodies and non-peptide small molecules, also known as gepants. CGRP antagonists were the first oral agents specifically designed to prevent migraines. The second generation of gepants includes rimegepant (BHV-3000, BMS-927711), ubrogepant (MK-1602), and atogepant (AGN-241689, MK-8031). Zavegepant (BHV-3500, BMS-742413) belongs to the third generation of gepants characterized by different administration routes.
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Chloride Intracellular Channel Proteins and Malignant Tumor Progression
Chloride intracellular channel proteins (CLICs are the dimorphic protein present in both soluble and membrane fractions. As an integral membrane protein, CLICs potentially possess ion channel activity. In vertebrates, CLICs are classified into six classes: CLIC1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6. CLIC2 is expressed at higher levels in benign tumors than in malignant ones, most likely preventing tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissues. CLIC2 is also expressed in the vascular endothelial cells of normal tissues and maintains their intercellular adhesive junctions, presumably suppressing the hematogenous metastasis of malignant tumor cells. 
  • 1.1K
  • 11 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Sleep Disturbances in Parkinson’s Disease
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a common multidimensional neurological disorder characterized by motor and non-motor features and is more prevalent in the elderly. Sleep disorders and cognitive disturbances are also significant characteristics of PD. Sleep is an important physiological process for normal human cognition and physical functioning. Sleep deprivation negatively impacts human physical, mental, and behavioral functions. Sleep disturbances include problems falling asleep, disturbances occurring during sleep, abnormal movements during sleep, insufficient sleep, and excessive sleep. The most recognizable and known sleep disorders, such as rapid-eye-movement behavior disorder (RBD), insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), restless legs syndrome (RLS), sleep-related breathing disorders (SRBDs), and circadian-rhythm-related sleep–wake disorders (CRSWDs), have been associated with PD. 
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Potassium-Chloride Cotransporter 2 and NKCC1 in Neurological Disorders
Numerous central nervous system (CNS) diseases are associated with a disruption in γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling, including Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), Down syndrome (DS), schizophrenia, and epilepsy. It is plausible that altered expression of potassium-chloride cotransporter 2 (KCC2) and sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter 1 (NKCC1) in such disorders contributes to detrimental GABA signaling and an excitatory/inhbitory (E/I) imbalance. In the instance where NKCC1 is upregulated in the mature neuron, high intracellular chloride (Cl−) implies a reversion to immature physiology, thus, disrupting the formation of synaptic connections and normal neuronal functioning.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Glutamatergic System
Neurotransmitters play a critical role in developing both the peripheral and the central nervous systems. It is therefore conceivable that neurotransmitter dysfunctions may be involved in ASD pathophysiology. Among neurotransmitters, glutamate (Glu) is considered a good candidate as it is directly involved in brain development and synaptogenesis, memory, behavior, and motor activity regulation, and gastrointestinal functions.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Classification of Limb–Girdle Muscular Dystrophies
Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMDs) are caused by mutations in multiple genes. Limb–girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are muscular dystrophies that affect skeletal muscles, mostly proximal (hips and shoulder muscles). They are caused by a mutation in a gene encoding a protein, which is specific to each subtype. LGMD inheritance is autosomal. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Jul 2023
Topic Review
Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor in Alzheimer′s Disease
The most common form of dementia is accounted for by Alzheimer′s disease (AD) that includes between 50% and 75% of the cases of dementia with a doubling of its prevalence every five years after the age of 65 years. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced by several cells of the innate and adaptive immune system, as well as non-immune cells. Dismantling the exact role of MIF and its receptors in AD may offer novel diagnostic and therapeutic opportunities in AD. 
  • 1.1K
  • 29 Oct 2021
Topic Review
N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor
Involvement of glutamate and its peripheral N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) in migraine pathophysiology. N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor (NMDAR) are expressed at several levels of the trigeminovascular system, which is the anatomical and physiological substrate of migraine pain.
  • 1.1K
  • 15 Mar 2023
Topic Review
Cytokine Imbalance in Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) is an important and unresolved problem in biological and clinical psychiatry. Approximately 30% of cases of schizophrenia (Sch) are TRS, which may be due to the fact that some patients with TRS may suffer from pathogenetically “non-dopamine” Sch, in the development of which neuroinflammation is supposed to play an important role. There are many factors leading to a chronic neuroinflammatory process in TRS. 
  • 1.1K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Continuous Spike–Waves during Slow Sleep
In the context of childhood epilepsy, the concept of continuous spike–waves during slow sleep (CSWS) includes several childhood-onset heterogeneous conditions that share electroencephalograms (EEGs) characterized by a high frequency of paroxysmal abnormalities during sleep, which have negative effects on the cognitive development and behavior of the child. These negative effects may have the characteristics of a clear regression or of a slowdown in development. Seizures are very often present, but not constantly. The above makes it clear why CSWS have been included in epileptic encephalopathies, in which, by definition, frequent EEG paroxysmal abnormalities have an unfavorable impact on cognitive functions, including socio-communicative skills, causing autistic features, even regardless of the presence of clinically overt seizures.
  • 1.1K
  • 05 Feb 2024
Topic Review
The Automated Test of Embodied Cognition (ATEC)
The Automated Test of Embodied Cognition (ATEC) uses video administration of cognitively demanding physical tasks and motion capture technology to assess cognition in action. Embodied cognition is a radical departure from conventional approaches to cognitive assessment and is in keeping with contemporary neuroscience.
  • 1.1K
  • 14 Jun 2023
Topic Review
Role of Antimicrobial Peptides in Alzheimer's Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) represents the most frequent type of dementia in elderly people. There are two major forms of the disease: sporadic (SAD) - whose causes are not completely understood - and familial (FAD) - with clear autosomal dominant inheritance. The two main hallmarks of AD are extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptide and intracellular deposits of the hyperphosphorylated form of the tau protein (P-tau). An ever-growing body of research supports the infectious hypothesis of sporadic forms of AD.
  • 1.1K
  • 10 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Bioactivities of Turmeric Oil
Curcuma longa L. (syn. Curcuma domestica), commonly known as turmeric, is a perennial herb native to Asia. After curing, drying, and milling, turmeric rhizomes are usually employed as a dye, cosmetic, and food seasoning. Most pharmacological activities of turmeric have been explained by the properties of curcumin, mainly because turmeric oil has not been as extensively studied as curcuminoids. Turmeric rhizome oil (TO) is responsible for this spice’s characteristic taste and smell.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Oxidative Stress in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a grievous neurodegenerative disease whose survival is limited to only a few years. In spite of intensive research to discover the underlying mechanisms, the results are fairly inconclusive. Multiple hypotheses have been regarded, including genetic, molecular, and cellular processes. Notably, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play a crucial role in ALS pathogenesis. In addition to already recognized and exhaustively studied genetic mutations involved in oxidative stress production, exposure to various environmental factors (e.g., electromagnetic fields, solvents, pesticides, heavy metals) has been suggested to enhance oxidative damage. 
  • 1.1K
  • 01 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Nanoparticle-Guided Brain Drug Delivery in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) represent a heterogeneous group of aging-related disorders featured by progressive impairment of motor and/or cognitive functions, often accompanied by psychiatric disorders. NDs are denoted as ‘protein misfolding’ diseases or proteinopathies, and are classified according to their known genetic mechanisms and/or the main protein involved in disease onset and progression. 
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation of the Primary Motor Cortex
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has emerged as a novel technique to stimulate the human brain through the scalp. Over the years, identifying the optimal brain region and stimulation parameters has been a subject of debate in the literature on therapeutic uses of repetitive TMS (rTMS). Nevertheless, the primary motor cortex (M1) has been a conventional target for rTMS to treat motor symptoms, such as hemiplegia and spasticity, as it controls the voluntary movement of the body. However, with an expanding knowledge base of the M1 cortical and subcortical connections, M1-rTMS has shown a therapeutic efficacy that goes beyond the conventional motor rehabilitation to involve pain, headache, fatigue, dysphagia, speech and voice impairments, sleep disorders, cognitive dysfunction, disorders of consciousness, anxiety, depression, and bladder dysfunction.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Jun 2022
Topic Review
Metabolomics in Retinal Diseases
The retina is abundant with highly specialized neurons that receive, process, and transduce light signals. It is composed of the monolayered retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and the multi-layered neural retina, which contains five major types of neurons and is regarded as part of the central nervous system.
  • 1.1K
  • 19 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Huperzine A and Its Neuroprotective Molecular Signaling
The neuroprotective effects of HupA treatment result from cholinergic signaling, which increases Wnt signaling, nonamyloidogenic processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), neurotrophic factor expression, synaptic activity, antagonism of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor (NMDAR), modulation of ROS, iron homeostasis and neuronal survival.
  • 1.1K
  • 24 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Apiaceae Family Spices in Ameliorating Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. In an effort to search for new strategies for treating AD, natural products have become candidates of choice. Plants are a rich source of bioactive and effective compounds used in treating numerous diseases. Various plant extracts are known to display neuroprotective activities by targeting different pathophysiological pathways in association with the diseases, such as inhibiting enzymes responsible for degrading neurotransmitters, reducing oxidative stress, neuroprotection, inhibiting amyloid plaque formation, and replenishing mitochondrial function. 
  • 1.1K
  • 28 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Non-Vesicular Release of Alarmin Prothymosin α Complex
Nuclear protein prothymosin α (ProTα) is a unique member of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)/alarmins. ProTα prevents neuronal necrosis by causing a cell death mode switch in serum-starving or ischemic/reperfusion models in vitro and in vivo. The ANXA2 flop-out-type non-vesicular release of ProTα is a unique mechanism and, it looks distinct from known mechanisms through the membrane pores made of gasdermin D (GSDMD) and mixed-lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL) pores.
  • 1.1K
  • 16 Jun 2023
  • Page
  • of
  • 54
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback