Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Nano-Sized Titania Particles as Additives in Automotive Lubricants
This study focuses on the wear effects of nano-sized titania as a potential engine lubricant additive. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have promising wear-reducing properties and significant tribological potential. Titania nanoparticles were homogenized in Group III automotive oil at five different concentrations (0.1; 0.2...0.5 wt%). The nanodoped oil samples were tested on a linear oscillating tribometer with oil circulation. Based on the tribological results, titania nanoparticles increased friction by 20–32% but can reduce the wear area by up to 32%. According to the confocal microscopic examination, wear volume can be reduced by up to 57% with titania nanoparticles. Titania nanoparticles improved the repeatability of tribological measurements. A scanning electron microscopy examination of the wear track revealed that the characteristic wear of the tribological system was abrasive, but a significant amount of adhesive wear was also observed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis found that the nanoparticles fill the deeper trenches of the wear. The worn surface uniformly contains TiO2 particles and the quantified normalized titanium concentration was between 0.56 and 0.62%.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Chemogenetics and Optogenetics under General Anesthesia
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Chemogenetics and Optogenetics, the two techniques artificially modulate the activity of specific neurons and neural circuits.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Langmuir–Blodgett Graphene-Based Films
The prevalence of photosynthesis, as the major natural solar energy transduction mechanism or biophotovoltaics (BPV), has always intrigued mankind. The development of high performance and durable BPVs is dependent on upgraded anode materials with electrochemically dynamic nanostructures. However, the current challenges in the optimization of anode materials remain significant barriers towards the development of commercially viable technology. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film has been substantiated as an efficacious film-forming technique to tackle the above limitations of algal BPVs; however, the aforesaid technology remains vastly untapped in BPVs.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Graphene Composites for Lead-Ions Removal
• Contaminated waste water is one of the most serious risks for living organisms as well as to the environment.• Nanotechnology offers best expectations over traditional technologies for wastewater treatment.• Adsorption technology is the phenomenon of adhesion of solid substances onto the surface of adsorbent.• Graphene-based nanoadsorbents exhibited a great potential towards effective removal of lead ions from aqueous solution.• Graphene preparation, characterization, and applications of graphic-based composites for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution have been discussed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles from WPCBs
Waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs), constituting approximately 10% of all electronic waste (e-waste), are particularly intriguing due to their high content of valuable metals and rare earth elements.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Optimal Factors for Alginate Nanofabrication
On this note, biodegradable polymeric nanocarrier is deemed to control the release of the drug, stabilize labile molecules from degradation and site-specific drug targeting, with the main aim of reducing the dosing frequency and prolonging the therapeutic outcomes. Thus, it is essential to select the appropriate biopolymer material, e.g., sodium alginate to formulate nanoparticles for controlled drug delivery. Alginate has attracted considerable interest in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications as a matrix material of nanocarriers due to its inherent biological properties, including good biocompatibility and biodegradability. Various techniques have been adopted to synthesize alginate nanoparticles in order to introduce more rational, coherent, efficient and cost-effective properties.
  • 1.3K
  • 12 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Basic Nanoarchitectonics
Although various synthetic methodologies including organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and materials science are the main contributors to the production of functional materials, the importance of regulation of nanoscale structures for better performance has become clear with recent science and technology developments. Therefore, a new research paradigm to produce functional material systems from nanoscale units has to be created as an advancement of nanoscale science. This task is assigned to an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, which aims to produce functional materials and functional structures from nanoscale unit components. This can be done through combining nanotechnology with the other research fields such as organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and bio-related science. In this review article, the basic-level of nanoarchitectonics is first presented with atom/molecular-level structure formations and conversions from molecular units to functional materials. Then, two typical application-oriented nanoarchitectonics efforts in energy-oriented applications and bio-related applications are discussed. Finally, future directions of the molecular and materials nanoarchitectonics concepts for advancement of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2021
Topic Review
Fullerenes
Buckyball clusters or buckyballs, also known as endohedral fullerenes, include fullerenes, buckminsterfullerene, and C60, which are composed of fewer than 300 carbon atoms.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
DNA Nanostructures for Cancer
The rapid development of multidrug co-delivery and nano-medicines has made spontaneous progress in tumor treatment and diagnosis. DNA is a unique biological molecule that can be tailored and molded into various nanostructures. The addition of ligands or stimuli-responsive elements enables DNA nanostructures to mediate highly targeted drug delivery to the cancer cells. Smart DNA nanostructures, owing to their various shapes, sizes, geometry, sequences, and characteristics, have various modes of cellular internalization and final disposition. On the other hand, functionalized DNA nanocarriers have specific receptor-mediated uptake, and most of these ligand anchored nanostructures able to escape lysosomal degradation.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanostructures for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Breast cancer (BC) is a highly metastatic multifactorial disease with various histological and molecular subtypes. Due to recent advancements, the mortality rate in BC has improved over the past five decades. Detection and treatment of many cancers are now possible due to the application of nanomedicine in clinical practice. Nanomedicine products such as Doxil® and Abraxane® have already been extensively used for BC adjuvant therapy with favorable clinical outcomes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Anticancer Targeted Drug Delivery Nanotechnology
The construction of nanosized drug delivery systems possesses tremendous potential due to their ability to improve the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and to reduce metabolism by dissolving them in their hydrophobic or hydrophilic compartment. In addition, nanomedicine holds the advantages of passive targeting ability due to an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, a large surface-to-volume ratio for drug loading, a tunable size for modification, a prolonged plasma half-life and a different biodistribution profile compared to conventional chemotherapy. Typical nano-based delivery vehicles include liposome, micelle, dendrimer, inorganic vector, nanogel and nanoemulsion, while novel nanocarriers also contain biomimetic reconstituted high-density lipoprotein (rHDL), exosome and the hybrid nanoparticle, which come from the mixture of nanomaterials. Each of these nanotools displays its unique physiochemical properties and possesses the ability for further modification of active targeting ligands.
  • 1.3K
  • 11 Aug 2021
Topic Review
Multifunctional Polymeric Nanogels for Biomedical Applications
Currently, research in nanoparticles as a drug delivery system has broadened to include their use as a delivery system for bioactive substances and a diagnostic or theranostic system. Nanogels, nanoparticles containing a high amount of water, have gained attention due to their advantages of colloidal stability, core-shell structure, and adjustable structural components. These advantages provide the potential to design and fabricate multifunctional nanosystems for various biomedical applications. Modified or functionalized polymers and some metals are components that markedly enhance the features of the nanogels, such as tunable amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, stimuli-responsiveness, or sensing moieties, leading to specificity, stability, and tracking abilities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Non-Titania Based Semiconductor Hetero-Nanoarchitectures
Plasmonic photocatalysts combining metallic nanoparticles and semiconductors have been aimed as versatile alternatives to drive light-assisted catalytic chemical reactions beyond the ultraviolet (UV) regions, and overcome one of the major drawbacks of the most exploited photocatalysts (TiO2 or ZnO). The strong size and morphology dependence of metallic nanostructures to tune their visible to near-infrared (vis-NIR) light harvesting capabilities has been combined with the design of a wide variety of architectures for the semiconductor supports to promote the selective activity of specific crystallographic facets. The search for efficient heterojunctions has been subjected to numerous studies, especially those involving gold nanostructures and titania semiconductors. In the present review, we paid special attention to the most recent advances in the design of gold-semiconductor hetero-nanostructures including emerging metal oxides such as cerium oxide or copper oxide (CeO2 or Cu2O) or metal chalcogenides such as copper sulfide or cadmium sulfides (CuS or CdS). These alternative hybrid materials were thoroughly built in past years to target research fields of strong impact, such as solar energy conversion, water splitting, environmental chemistry, or nanomedicine.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Metal-Organic-Frameworks: Low Temperature Gas Sensing
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous coordination polymers (PCPs), are crystalline frameworks with open porosity and are composed of metal nodes and organic linkers. Over the last two decades, numerous compounds have been synthesised by changing the metal ions and organic ligands to produce materials with exceptional properties, including large surface area (surface areas more than 1,000 m2g−1), adjustable pore size, and tunable functional groups. The manifold approaches for MOF synthesis, including the most versatile and widely used solvothermal methods, and recently realised green approaches, such as solvent-free mechanochemical routes, are making the process of preparing high-quality MOF-based materials easier and more environmentally friendly.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Carbon Nanodots-Based Nano-Biosensors
Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) were a modern form of nanostructure that demonstrated excellent qualities for diagnosis and therapy. Controlling QDs size and distribution made it simple to adjust their electrical and optical characteristics. Yet, since certain semiconductor QDs include hazardous substances such as, cadmium, arsenic, selenium, and mercury, they have several disadvantages. One such disadvantage is cytotoxicity. As a result, these QDs are neither environmentally friendly nor biodegradable. On the other hand, since their inception in 2004, carbon nanodots (CNDs) have been recognized as a strong contender to replace the extremely dangerous metallic semiconductor class of quantum dots. This is partly because the characteristics of carbon quantum dots are widely acknowledged to include their nanoscale size, roughly flat or spherical morphologies, great water solubility, broad absorption in the UV-visible light spectrum, and vibrant fluorescence. CNDs have an amorphous or nanocrystalline center, mainly sp2 carbon, graphite grid spacing, and outside oxygenic functional groups, allowing for water solubility and subsequent complexation. 
  • 1.3K
  • 06 May 2023
Topic Review
Nanoparticles for Biogas Producers
Nanotechnology has an increasingly large impact on a broad scope of biotechnological, pharmacological and pure technological applications. The novel notion of dosing ions using modified nanoparticles can be used to progress up biogas production in oxygen free digestion processes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 23 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Epitaxial Graphene on 4H-SiC (0001)
Epitaxial graphene on SiC as a hosting substrate for other materials growth is due to its enhanced reactivity compared to chemically inert free-standing exfoliated graphene. Indeed, numerous experimental results by theoretical predictions indicate that by virtue of its physical and structural properties, epitaxial graphene may contain several different highly reactive regions (step edges, charge-unbalanced electron-hole puddles, strained regions, and edges of bilayer inclusions) that may serve as effective nucleation centres. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Nanoporous Gold in Therapy, Drug Delivery, and Diagnostics
Nanoporous gold (np-Au) has promising applications in therapeutic delivery. The promises arise from its high surface area-to-volume ratio, ease of tuning shape and size, ability to be modified by organic molecules including drugs, and biocompatibility. For the demands of a real patient, light-triggered on-demand pulsatile release from a reservoir containing highly enriched medicines has been demonstrated to be provided by versatile drug delivery devices using nanoporous membranes made of gold nanorods and dendrimers.
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Jan 2023
Topic Review
Multimetallic Nanoparticles
Multimetallic NPs, particularly those formed by more than two metals, exhibit rich electronic, optical, and magnetic properties. Multimetallic NP properties, including size and shape, zeta potential, and large surface area, facilitate their efficient interaction with bacterial cell membranes, thereby inducing disruption, reactive oxygen species production, protein dysfunction, DNA damage, and killing potentiated by the host’s immune system.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Mar 2021
Topic Review
Nutraceutical Concepts and Dextrin-Based Delivery Systems
Nutraceuticals are natural bioactive or chemical compounds acclaimed for their valuable biological activities and health-promoting effects. The global community is faced with many health concerns such as cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc. The effect of nutraceuticals is similar to pharmaceuticals, even though the term nutraceutical has no regulatory definition. The usage of nutraceuticals, to prevent and treat the aforementioned diseases, is limited by several features such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, low permeability, low efficacy, etc. These downsides can be overcome by the application of the field of nanotechnology manipulating the properties and structures of materials at the nanometer scale.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Apr 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 42
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback