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Topic Review
Single-Chain Amphiphilic Polymeric Nanoparticles
Here, we report the creation of amphiphilic polymers based on the presence of a high-molecular weight hydrophobic poly(epichlorohydrin) backbone and hydrophobic pendant oligomeric poly(ethylene glycol) chains, whereby a combination of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity induce folding of an individual polymer chain into a single-chain polymeric nanoparticle (SCPN) (1) at high solution concentrations, (2) without requiring addition of catalysts and additives, (3) in the absence of external stimuli, and (4) under ambient aqueous conditions. Thus, this approach can be an effective way to generate water-soluble SCPNs; this breakthrough in the development of SCPNs may enable a significant advance in enabling the broad application of biomedical fields.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Graphene Oxide Derivatives
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been considered as one of the most powerful analytical tools for mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of large molecular weight compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, and synthetic polymers thanks to its high sensitivity, high resolution, and compatibility with high-throughput analysis. Despite these advantages, MALDI cannot be applied to MS analysis of small molecular weight compounds (<500 Da) because of the matrix interference in low mass region. Therefore, numerous efforts have been devoted to solving this issue by using metal, semiconductor, and carbon nanomaterials for MALDI time-of-flight MS (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis instead of organic matrices. Among those nanomaterials, graphene oxide (GO) is of particular interest considering its unique and highly tunable chemical structures composed of the segregated sp2 carbon domains surrounded by sp3 carbon matrix.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Nanofluids Usage in Solar Energy
Nanofluids not only enhance (in most of the cases) the thermal efficiency, convection heat transfer coefficient, and exergy efficiency of the system but also can decrease the entropy generation of the system.
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Jun 2021
Topic Review
Chemogenetics and Optogenetics under General Anesthesia
General anesthesia has been widely utilized since the 1840s, but its underlying neural circuits remain to be completely understood. Chemogenetics and Optogenetics, the two techniques artificially modulate the activity of specific neurons and neural circuits.
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Aug 2022
Topic Review
Modelling Metallic Magnetic Nanoparticles
Recent years have seen a significant growth in the use of metallic magnetic nanoparticles due to the versatile functionality which is intrinsically linked to their morphology, where both the particle size and shape contribute to the prominent magnetic features. The aim of this entry is to establish the predictive power of computational modelling in explaining these phenomena at the atomic level, allowing researches to find the link between the size, shape, and ligand-mediated property changes which will facilitate design of the tuning strategies for the realisation of application-specific magnetic behaviour at the nanoscale.
  • 1.3K
  • 09 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Supercapacitors
Supercapacitors are a category of energy-storage devices based on high-speed electrostatic or Faradaic electrochemical processes. The charge is mainly stored at the electrode−electrolyte interface of the active materials, such as high surface porous carbons, metal oxides, or conducting polymers. They consist of one positive electrode and one negative electrode soaked in an electrolyte and separated by an ion-permeable, electronically insulating separator.Compared with batteries, supercapacitors can supply much faster charge and discharge rates within seconds or minutes time scales but lower specific energy. Besides the high power densities, supercapacitors also have some other advantages over batteries, such as high operating safety, long cycling life, high efficiency, and high performance stability.
  • 1.3K
  • 19 Feb 2021
Topic Review
Langmuir–Blodgett Graphene-Based Films
The prevalence of photosynthesis, as the major natural solar energy transduction mechanism or biophotovoltaics (BPV), has always intrigued mankind. The development of high performance and durable BPVs is dependent on upgraded anode materials with electrochemically dynamic nanostructures. However, the current challenges in the optimization of anode materials remain significant barriers towards the development of commercially viable technology. Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film has been substantiated as an efficacious film-forming technique to tackle the above limitations of algal BPVs; however, the aforesaid technology remains vastly untapped in BPVs.
  • 1.3K
  • 08 Mar 2022
Topic Review
Reconstituted High-Density Lipoprotein Nanoparticles
Epidemiological results revealed that there is an inverse correlation between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels and risks of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Mounting evidence supports that HDLs are atheroprotective, therefore, many therapeutic approaches have been developed to increase HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Nevertheless, HDL-raising therapies, such as cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, failed to ameliorate cardiovascular outcomes in clinical trials, thereby casting doubt on the treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by increasing HDL-C levels. Therefore, HDL-targeted interventional studies were shifted to increasing the number of HDL particles capable of promoting ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated cholesterol efflux. One such approach was the development of reconstituted HDL (rHDL) particles that promote ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux from lipid-enriched macrophages. Here, we explore the manipulation of rHDL nanoparticles as a strategy for the treatment of CVD. In addition, we discuss technological capabilities and the challenge of relating preclinical in vivo mice research to clinical studies. Finally, by drawing lessons from developing rHDL nanoparticles, we also incorporate the viabilities and advantages of the development of a molecular imaging probe with HDL nanoparticles when applied to ASCVD, as well as gaps in technology and knowledge required for putting the HDL-targeted therapeutics into full gear.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Nanostructures for Breast Cancer Diagnosis
Breast cancer (BC) is a highly metastatic multifactorial disease with various histological and molecular subtypes. Due to recent advancements, the mortality rate in BC has improved over the past five decades. Detection and treatment of many cancers are now possible due to the application of nanomedicine in clinical practice. Nanomedicine products such as Doxil® and Abraxane® have already been extensively used for BC adjuvant therapy with favorable clinical outcomes. 
  • 1.3K
  • 20 Jul 2022
Topic Review
Nanomaterials as a Sustainable Choice for Treating Wastewater
The removal of dyes from textile effluents utilizing advanced wastewater treatment methods with high efficiency and low cost has received substantial attention due to the rise in pollutants in water. For the purpose of treating sewage, the special properties of nanoparticles are being carefully researched. The ability of nanomaterials to remove organic matter, fungus, and viruses from wastewater is another benefit. Nanomaterials are employed in advanced oxidation techniques to clean wastewater. Additionally, because of their small dimensions, nanoparticles have a wide effective area of contact. Due to this, nanoparticles’ adsorption and reactivity are powerful. The improvement of nanomaterial technology will be beneficial for the treatment of wastewater. 
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Advances in Translational Nanotechnology
       The burgeoning field of nanotechnology aims to create and deploy nanoscale structures, devices, and systems with novel, size-dependent properties and functions. The nanotechnology revolution has sparked radically new technologies and strategies across all scientific disciplines, with nanotechnology now applied to virtually every area of research and development in the US and globally. NanoFlorida was founded to create a forum for scientific exchange, promote networking among nanoscientists, encourage collaborative research efforts across institutions, forge strong industry-academia partnerships in nanoscience, and showcase the contributions of students and trainees in nanotechnology fields. The 2019 NanoFlorida International Conference expanded this vision to emphasize national and international participation, with a focus on advances made in translating nanotechnology. This review highlights notable research in the areas of engineering especially in optics, photonics and plasmonics and electronics; biomedical devices, nano-biotechnology, nanotherapeutics including both experimental nanotherapies and nanovaccines; nano-diagnostics and -theranostics; nano-enabled drug discovery platforms; tissue engineering, bioprinting, and environmental nanotechnology, as well as challenges and directions for future research.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Nutraceutical Concepts and Dextrin-Based Delivery Systems
Nutraceuticals are natural bioactive or chemical compounds acclaimed for their valuable biological activities and health-promoting effects. The global community is faced with many health concerns such as cancers, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, arthritis, osteoporosis, etc. The effect of nutraceuticals is similar to pharmaceuticals, even though the term nutraceutical has no regulatory definition. The usage of nutraceuticals, to prevent and treat the aforementioned diseases, is limited by several features such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability, low stability, low permeability, low efficacy, etc. These downsides can be overcome by the application of the field of nanotechnology manipulating the properties and structures of materials at the nanometer scale.
  • 1.3K
  • 24 Apr 2022
Topic Review
Metal-Organic-Frameworks: Low Temperature Gas Sensing
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of porous coordination polymers (PCPs), are crystalline frameworks with open porosity and are composed of metal nodes and organic linkers. Over the last two decades, numerous compounds have been synthesised by changing the metal ions and organic ligands to produce materials with exceptional properties, including large surface area (surface areas more than 1,000 m2g−1), adjustable pore size, and tunable functional groups. The manifold approaches for MOF synthesis, including the most versatile and widely used solvothermal methods, and recently realised green approaches, such as solvent-free mechanochemical routes, are making the process of preparing high-quality MOF-based materials easier and more environmentally friendly.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Nov 2021
Topic Review
Multifunctional Polymeric Nanogels for Biomedical Applications
Currently, research in nanoparticles as a drug delivery system has broadened to include their use as a delivery system for bioactive substances and a diagnostic or theranostic system. Nanogels, nanoparticles containing a high amount of water, have gained attention due to their advantages of colloidal stability, core-shell structure, and adjustable structural components. These advantages provide the potential to design and fabricate multifunctional nanosystems for various biomedical applications. Modified or functionalized polymers and some metals are components that markedly enhance the features of the nanogels, such as tunable amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, stimuli-responsiveness, or sensing moieties, leading to specificity, stability, and tracking abilities. 
  • 1.3K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Nano-Sized Titania Particles as Additives in Automotive Lubricants
This study focuses on the wear effects of nano-sized titania as a potential engine lubricant additive. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have promising wear-reducing properties and significant tribological potential. Titania nanoparticles were homogenized in Group III automotive oil at five different concentrations (0.1; 0.2...0.5 wt%). The nanodoped oil samples were tested on a linear oscillating tribometer with oil circulation. Based on the tribological results, titania nanoparticles increased friction by 20–32% but can reduce the wear area by up to 32%. According to the confocal microscopic examination, wear volume can be reduced by up to 57% with titania nanoparticles. Titania nanoparticles improved the repeatability of tribological measurements. A scanning electron microscopy examination of the wear track revealed that the characteristic wear of the tribological system was abrasive, but a significant amount of adhesive wear was also observed. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis found that the nanoparticles fill the deeper trenches of the wear. The worn surface uniformly contains TiO2 particles and the quantified normalized titanium concentration was between 0.56 and 0.62%.
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Graphene Composites for Lead-Ions Removal
• Contaminated waste water is one of the most serious risks for living organisms as well as to the environment.• Nanotechnology offers best expectations over traditional technologies for wastewater treatment.• Adsorption technology is the phenomenon of adhesion of solid substances onto the surface of adsorbent.• Graphene-based nanoadsorbents exhibited a great potential towards effective removal of lead ions from aqueous solution.• Graphene preparation, characterization, and applications of graphic-based composites for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution have been discussed. 
  • 1.3K
  • 10 Nov 2020
Topic Review
Epitaxial Graphene on 4H-SiC (0001)
Epitaxial graphene on SiC as a hosting substrate for other materials growth is due to its enhanced reactivity compared to chemically inert free-standing exfoliated graphene. Indeed, numerous experimental results by theoretical predictions indicate that by virtue of its physical and structural properties, epitaxial graphene may contain several different highly reactive regions (step edges, charge-unbalanced electron-hole puddles, strained regions, and edges of bilayer inclusions) that may serve as effective nucleation centres. 
  • 1.3K
  • 02 Jul 2021
Topic Review
DNA Nanostructures for Cancer
The rapid development of multidrug co-delivery and nano-medicines has made spontaneous progress in tumor treatment and diagnosis. DNA is a unique biological molecule that can be tailored and molded into various nanostructures. The addition of ligands or stimuli-responsive elements enables DNA nanostructures to mediate highly targeted drug delivery to the cancer cells. Smart DNA nanostructures, owing to their various shapes, sizes, geometry, sequences, and characteristics, have various modes of cellular internalization and final disposition. On the other hand, functionalized DNA nanocarriers have specific receptor-mediated uptake, and most of these ligand anchored nanostructures able to escape lysosomal degradation.
  • 1.3K
  • 26 Jul 2021
Topic Review
Fullerenes
Buckyball clusters or buckyballs, also known as endohedral fullerenes, include fullerenes, buckminsterfullerene, and C60, which are composed of fewer than 300 carbon atoms.
  • 1.3K
  • 13 Apr 2021
Topic Review
Basic Nanoarchitectonics
Although various synthetic methodologies including organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and materials science are the main contributors to the production of functional materials, the importance of regulation of nanoscale structures for better performance has become clear with recent science and technology developments. Therefore, a new research paradigm to produce functional material systems from nanoscale units has to be created as an advancement of nanoscale science. This task is assigned to an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, which aims to produce functional materials and functional structures from nanoscale unit components. This can be done through combining nanotechnology with the other research fields such as organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and bio-related science. In this review article, the basic-level of nanoarchitectonics is first presented with atom/molecular-level structure formations and conversions from molecular units to functional materials. Then, two typical application-oriented nanoarchitectonics efforts in energy-oriented applications and bio-related applications are discussed. Finally, future directions of the molecular and materials nanoarchitectonics concepts for advancement of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 May 2021
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